tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3363730149346236622024-02-20T06:03:27.808-08:00Purposes of writing an essayPolice Ethics Research Paper TopicsDavis Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17962946375282893016noreply@blogger.comBlogger36125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-336373014934623662.post-18853208596089517982020-08-26T00:57:00.001-07:002020-08-26T00:57:16.211-07:00Cleopatra Essay Research Paper CleopatraCleopatra was queen free essay sampleCleopatra Essay, Research Paper Cleopatra Cleopatra was sovereign of Egypt, last swayer of the line established by Ptolemy, a Macedonian general of Alexander the Great, who accepting Egypt as his segment in spliting Alexander? s imperium. Her capital, Alexander, established by Alexander the Great, was the focal point of Hellenistic Greek human progress of the universe at that cut, each piece great as an extraordinary business focus. Despite the fact that she envisioned as a? wonderful and glamourous grown-up female today, she was non actually delightfully portrayed on antediluvian coins, holding a long snare nose, and manly attributes? ( Flamarion 181 ) . She considered to be a solid disapproved Macedonian sovereign who was wonderful and longed for a more prominent universe imperium. Exceptionally wise, this keen legislator about accomplished this end. Her parts as the last of the Ptolemaic Greek swayers of autonomous Egypt, were the endless expansion of the Roman Empire all through the Mediterranean, and at her perish left behind? a rich, majestic state which kept on blasting as the focal point of corporate greed, logical order, and larning under Roman guideline? ( Newman 554 ) . This common conceived pioneer was the most established life young lady of Ptolemy XII Auletes and of his sister and wedded lady Cleopatra Tryphaena. Such sibling sister marriages were normal among individuals of the Egyptian conclusion house. Her male parent, who kicked the bucket in 51 BC, mentioned the Cleopatra and his most seasoned kid, Ptolemy XIII, go joint swayers, and made Rome the protector of the Egyptian region. The purpose of this paper is to epitomize the life of a remarkable Egyptian figure, who through her finding and solid will, set up herself as a Pharaoh and sovereign of Egypt. Issues emerged when the juvenile Ptolemy started to work as a doll for eager for power counselors, who much have discovered him unquestionably increasingly simple to order and direct than Cleopatra who was more seasoned and progressively smart. Cleopatra and her sibling began a common war between themselves, which brought about her being constrained into ostracize to Syria. In Syria, she raised a ground powers and began back to Egypt to recoup her seat. In 48 BC, this yearning sovereign was in Pelusium, on the eastern outskirts of Egypt, with her newly gained ground powers fixing to attack her sibling and his partners. This contention was neer battled, by and by, on the grounds that Julius Caesar, who had shown up at Alexandria in pursue of Pompey, ? guaranteed the option to mediate the fight? as the agent of Rome ( Hoobler 28 ) . Both Ptolemy and Cleopatra were to ignore their ground forcess and meet with Caesar, who might settle their distinction. In the interim, there was other than a common war going on among Caesar and Pompey. Pothinus, cognizing that Caesar would win, persuaded Ptolemy XIII that it would be best to hold Pompey guillotined and hold his caput introduced to Caesar, as a way to persuade him to fall in their side in the their common distinction. Caesar had non been ? captivated, and being companions with Pompey, did non need to hold him rewarded so rudely? ( Foreman 61 ) . Resolved to give her example, Cleopatra cruised to Alexandria in a little vessel with just a couple of aides. There she had herself moved up in to a floor covering and conveyed to Caesar? s stronghold by one of her attenders who told the monitors it was a present for Caesar. She did this since it would hold been difficult to determine course to the palace without Ptolemy XIII finding and executing her. Cleopatra understood that so as to infer power she would hold to remain on great footings with Rome and its pioneers so she effectively set out to catch him. Both Caesar and Cleopatra utilized each other to determine something, since he needed to acquire cash, and her central concern was determining power. What had started as a war among Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII developed into a war between Ptolemy XIII aligned with Arsine, his sister, against Caesar, and became known as the Alexandrian War. Caesar read Aulete? s will to Ptolemy and constrain him to recreate her to the seat. At the point when Ptolemy XIII suffocated in the Nile, Caesar pronounced that? Cleopatra ought to get hitched her more youthful sibling, so eleven mature ages old, furthermore, guideline as sovereign? ( Newman 556 ) so as to enchant the Alexanderians and the Egyptian ministers. He stayed in Egypt, dismissing his own businesss in Rome and in the East, ? out of haughtiness and his craving to secure his authorities on Egypt? s tremendous assets? ( Foreman 99 ) . On his arrival to Rome, Caesar solicits the tribune from the individuals, Helvius Cinna, to introduce into the Roman Senate a statute permitting Caesar to get hitched Cleopatra and do their kid, Caesarion, his inheritor. Many were troubled that he was be aftering to get hitched Cleopatra paying little mind to the Torahs against polygamy and marriage to outsiders. It took Caesar two mature ages to improve of Pompeian opposition, and each piece in no time as he came back to Rome, they commended a four-day triumph, or a stately procession held to respect winning commanders. This savvy grown-up female showed up in Rome with Ptolemy XIII and Caesarion, and they lived in Caesar? s Villa, where he visited her constantly. Cleopatra had begun naming herself the New Isis and was the subject of much chatter. An aureate sculpture of her had been placed in the Temple of Venus Genetrix, the anchantress of the Julian family unit to which Caesar had a place. On the Ides of March in 44B.C. , Caesar was killed outside the Senate structure in Rome, ? due to the hazard that he presented to the prosperity of the popular government, since they accepted that he was going to pronounce himself lord? ( Foreman 83 ) . Soon after Caesar was cut, Cleopatra left Rome, and one twelvemonth in this manner Ptolemy XIII kicked the bucket, only before he would hold arrived at the legitimate age at which he could be relied upon to participate in the specialists, what's more, some state she may hold harmed him. On Ptolemy? s expire, Cleopatra had her kid, Caesarion, or? Little Caesar, ? distraught e co-ruler at four years old. Caesar? s blackwash caused disorder and common war in Rome. At last the imperium was partitioned among three work powers: Caesar? s grandnephew, Octavian, Marcus Lepidus, and Marc Antony. Antony, as one of the new swayers of the Eastern imperium, gathered Cleopatra to Tarsus to answer charges that she had helped republican powers. Antony was popular of cash to set up a run against the Parthians, what's more, trusted Cleopatra would give him the financess he direly required. She set out for Tarsus in Asia Minor with tonss of blessings, and entered the city on an incredibly embellished pontoon. She cruised with Ag paddles, purple solicit, and dressed as Aphrodite, the Goddess of Love. She effectively new bounty about his? restricted vital and strategic capacities, his somewhat blue blood, the soaking up, his womanizing, his coarseness and his desire, ? ( MacUrdy 79 ) to cognize how to procure to him. After much banqueting and engaging for yearss, Egypt stayed an autonomous state on the other hand of going a Roman state, as Antony planned. This extremely tempting grown-up female consented to gracefully him with cash on the status that her sister, Arsinoe IV, be executed. Forgeting his obligations and duty to the Roman imperium, he went with this attractive single to Alexandria and went through the winter with her there. In the spring of 40 BC, Imprint Antony left Cleopatra and returned place, subsequent to giving her much land, counting Cyprus, the Cilcian coastline, Phoenicia, Coele-Syria, Judea, and Arabia, which was extremely key to Egypt. After the arrangement of the Second Triumvirate between Antony, Octavian, and Lepidus, Antony wedded Octavia, Octavian? s sister, in 40 BC to seal an exchange with Octavian. It expressed that? after the Triumvirate finished the two would both oversee the Roman universe, however they permitted Lepidus to remain in northern Africa and direct the nation? ( Foreman 95 ) . Octavian held all of western Europe and Antony held the eastern terminal of the Roman universe. After sorting out this arrangement, he so went Es to run into with Cleopatra again, on the grounds that he required cash for his run, and accordingly made a monstrous blunder by weakening her, ? which was non ethically inaccurate, however by Roman statute was invalid? ( Hoobler 32 ) . In 37 BC, in any case, Antony? s March due east prompted recover amicable relationship and a fear between both Antony and Cleopatra. From so on, Cleopatra? s impact over Marc Antony developed, and she wore Egyptian vesture that spoke to the goddess Isis and is accounted for to hold embraced the undermentioned revile: ? Similarly positively as I will one twenty-four hours appropriate judgment in the Roman Capital? ( Newman 556 ) . At the point when Antony orchestrated Caesarion, and his ain three children by Cleopatra, to partition administering both Egypt and Roman states in Asia Minor and formally separated Octavia, the Romans were savage. Octavian announced war non against Antony, however against Cleopatra, and declared Antony into the Senate. Romans felt it was vastly improved to announce war on the outside sovereign that they accepted was act uponing him, than on Antony himself. Cleopatra kept Antony from go forthing her to battle Octavian, who was winning quite a bit of his eastern locale from him. At the contention of Actium in 31 BC, Cleopatra? s Egyptian powers, along with Antony? s Roman powers, confronted Octavian? s armada, told by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa. During this maritime clash, when Cleopatra withdrew and Antony, captivated as he was with her, quickly followed, and Octavian won an incredible triumph. Anthony joined his hosts in Cyrene, and Cleopatra went to Alexand Davis Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17962946375282893016noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-336373014934623662.post-52207483622830459692020-08-22T06:25:00.001-07:002020-08-22T06:25:21.709-07:00Statistics and Computing Essay Example for FreeMeasurements and Computing Essay 1.0Introduction This report will cover the appropriation of last, most important test results for BSB123 and what variables impact the outcomes. Variables that will be considered are the sex of the understudy, regardless of whether the understudy is examining a twofold or single degree, the outcomes from the week after week quizââ¬â¢s and the evaluation accomplished on the mid semester report. The nearness of anomalies will be resolved to help examine the precision of the information. There are an interminable number of interior and outer variables that add to the result of a solitary test result. Beaty, Barling (1982) clarifies how factors, for example, stress and tension can add to low test outcomes and they give a few self improvement arrangements of how to support ones achievement. This report will centers essentially around quantitative information that can be effectively broke down and considers clear perceptions to be given about the relationship each assessed factor has on the last, most important test result. 2.0 Outliers The initial phase in breaking down the information is deciding whether anomalies exists inside the information. The nearness of exceptions must be assessed on the grounds that their reality could contort the information and make it erroneous. So as to decide whether exceptions exist the normal and standard deviation must be determined so as to ascertain the Z score, which will appear, shrink or not anomalies exist. In this case to anomalies where discovered present in the informational collection as the entirety of the information fell inside the +3,- 3 territory, the biggest positive exception was 2.46 and the biggest negative anomaly was - 1.90. It is critical to take note of the regardless of whether any exceptions where discovered they would not really make the examination progressively exact as (Baragona, Battaglia, Poli, 2011, p. 159-197) clarify everything depends about the translation of the information. 3.0 Distribution of last test of the year results This area shows the differing levels of end of the year test results from understudies in BSB123. The figure underneath shows the various evaluations from the 705 understudies. They are spoken to utilizing a bar outline. Figure 1.0 The conveyance appeared here is a basic estimation of how the test results are appropriated among the understudies. The information is a hilter kilter right slanted or positive dissemination of 0.46. The best measures of score are found in the correct tail over the mean with an a lot littler measure of score being seen in the left tail. On the off chance that a comprehension of the information is to happen a basic methodology must be taken. On the off chance that the entirety of the 705 last, most important test scores are found the middle value of we can see that the normal score is 28.51 with is definitely not great. The crate plot beneath shows the Min, Q1,median, Q3 and the Max Figure 2.0 4.0Bivariate Analysis This segment will talk about the conceivable factures that may affect the studentââ¬â¢s test results. The accompanying components and there effects will be investigated, they are the sex of the understudy, shrink or not the understudy is in a twofold degree, there test results and there report grade. Letââ¬â¢s start. 4.1Gender It very well may be seen from the information that there is, best case scenario a negligible contrast in the manner that sexual orientation influences the last test of the year results. The covariance between the too just fluctuates from 0.16 to 0.11 the thing that matters is short of what one along these lines it is viewed as inconsequential. Figure 3.0 The distinction in the appropriation seen here has no effect on the last, most important test results in this way the following variable will be examination in on the following page. 4.2Double Degree The effect of whether the understudy is taking a twofold or single degree offers some accommodating knowledge without precedent for this report this report about imagine a scenario where anything is affecting the studentââ¬â¢s last, most important tests. Figure 4.0 The chart above shows a perceptible contrast in the test results betweenâ the two gatherings. The understudies what where tried out a twofold degree scored fairly higher than the understudies that where just endeavor one degree. This might be to the way that they are progressively engaged and likely not working all day or even low maintenance. We will proceed with our examination on the accompanying pages by seeing scholastic factors inside BSB123. 4.3Quiz Results Examining the impact that the week after week test results have on the last, most important test results can assist with comprehension if high test results mean high test results. Figure 5.0 The information in the above dissipate plot shows that there is a relationship between's the test results and the test results. Râ ² = 0.536, which demonstrates that about 54% of the variety in the normal of the test is represented the straight relationship with the test results. As such, about 46% of the variety isn't clarified by the least-squares relapse line. 4.4Report Results The last test factor that will be tended to in the bivariate area is the effect of the outcomes from the mid semester report on the test results. Figure 6.0 The relationship between's the report results and the end of the year test results in not over whelming stockpiling. The pattern line in the chart can be viewed as slopping upward from left to right demonstrating that. It very well may be seen that most of understudies that accomplished well on the report likewise accomplished well on the test 5.0Trivariate examination Trivariate examination thinks about tree factors against one another so as to assist better with understanding the test out comes. 5.1 Degree versus Test Quiz Figure 7.0 Figure 7.0 states that understudies who are doing a twofold degree accomplish better grades contrasted with the understudies who are doing a solitary degree. On normal itâ can be seen that over all test results don't significantly affect the result of understudies end of the year test results, on the other it tends to be seen that twofold certificate understudies beat different understudies at a normal of 4.61%. Connection for single certificate understudy are 0.514 which is 51% of the variety contrasted with relationship of twofold qualification understudies are 0.578 which is 58% of the variety. Additional data identifying with this conversation can be found in the supplement named figure 2.0. 6.0 Conclusion After the concise investigation of the test results it very well may be seen that a portion of the variables talked about do affect the test results while others don't. The informational index was viewed as having a privilege slanted conveyance without any exceptions. Sexual orientation seemed to have no effect on the test results. Understudies in a twofold degree normal a score of 4.61% higher than different understudies. Test results demonstrated a decent sign of what a studentââ¬â¢s test results would be. The report results made little difference to test results. This report albeit brief has offered some understanding into what components sway end of the year test results for studentââ¬â¢s examining BSB123. References Beaty, D. Barling, J.(1982) Positive test resultsââ¬Without stress Retrieved from: http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezp01.library.qut.edu.au Baragona,R, Battaglia, F, and Poli, I. (2011). Transformative Statistical Procedures: Statistics and Computing, (pp 159-197). Recovered from: http://link.springer.com .ezp01.library.qut.edu.au Davis Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17962946375282893016noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-336373014934623662.post-49033533956131792002020-08-11T22:05:00.001-07:002020-08-11T22:05:02.805-07:00Do you Want to Go to College This Fall Theres Still Room!Do you Want to Go to College This Fall Theres Still Room! The National Association for College Admission Counseling (NACAC) just reported that colleges and universities still have space available for qualified freshman and/or transfer students. Even better news it that nearly all have financial aid to offer. The survey asked four-year colleges and universities about the availability of space, institutional financial aid and housing as of May 1, 2010. Twenty-three percent of the respondents are public colleges and 77% are private. Ninety-three percent have housing space. If you have not yet completed the college admission process, and want to apply, see NACACs annual Space Availability Survey: Openings for Qualified Students. Davis Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17962946375282893016noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-336373014934623662.post-41795519612123359522020-05-23T19:51:00.001-07:002020-05-23T19:51:04.579-07:00Kite Runner Father Son Relationship - 1628 Words Father Son Relationships in The Kite Runner Sigmund argues ââ¬Å"I cannot think of any need in childhood as strong as the need for a fatherââ¬â¢s protectionâ⬠. A childââ¬â¢s treatment in their early memories directly impacts a childââ¬â¢s future. Moreover, it is important for elder figures such as fathers to raise their children with genuine love, protection, and care. In the novel, ââ¬Å"The Kite Runnerâ⬠the connection between a father and son may not always be one of love, but rather it is loaded with compassion and satisfies their needs which help prepares a child to understand right from wrong. In The Kite Runner, Khaled Hosseini uses the complex emotional bond between fathers and sons to demonstrate the necessity of a sympathetic fatherly figure to protectâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦This shows the sacrifices his father made for Amir although he also did not agree with the life path Amir had chosen but still stuck through. Additionally, Baba succeeds in protecting Amir as he gets into a fight with Assef, this is the central climax where he finally stands up to his lifelong tormenting bully who has been a threat to him and his half-brother, Hassan for far too long. In the novel, Amir states, ââ¬Å"I DON T KNOW if I gave Assef a good fight. I don t think I did. How could I have? That was the first time I d fought anyoneâ⬠(Hosseini 136). Assef, the antagonist, had always been a threat to Amir, physically, mentally and emotionally. Amir is successful in defending himself for the fate of Sohrab against the threats in society. Amir says, in a way he welcomes the beating. It is the punishment he deserved for his actions toward Hassan, but which he never received. It is the reason he feels relief and a sense of healing as Assef beats him, and why he begins laughing. For Amir, the situation means he can now intervene in Hassanââ¬â¢s rape, at least symbolically, by saving Sohrab from further sexual abuse. Amir is left with a scar on his lip, which symbolizes the hare lip Hass an had that had to be repaired. Amir has finally faced his fears and lets go of his guilt and shame. Babaââ¬â¢s upbringing of Amir is finally proven successful inShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Father Son Relationship In The Kite Runner1335 Words à |à 6 Pagesthemes of The Kite Runner, which is the importance of a father-son relationship. Amir desperately tries to understand his father because he feels that he does not reach Babaââ¬â¢s high expectations, which he conveys by saying that he may ââ¬Å"disappoint him again.â⬠So, this drives him to want to do anything to make Baba proud. However, he even fails to understand his fatherââ¬â¢s one main principle: theft is sin. As a result of the confusion between father, Baba, and son, Amir, their relationship starts to witherRead MoreKhaled Hossieni s The Kite Runner1433 Words à |à 6 PagesKhaled Hossieni was born in 1965 in Kabul, Afghanistan. He is a successful physician however, he is better known for his vivid Afghan based novels. Growing up his father was a diplomat and his mother was a school teacher. They had to move around often for his fatherââ¬â¢s job and in 1976, they moved to Paris and his father worked at the Afghan embassy there. Due to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, it was unsafe for the family to return home. They sought out safety and moved to San Jose, CaliforniaRead MoreLiterary Analysis : The Kite Runner And Oedipus Rex1292 Words à |à 6 PagesThe Kite Runner Oedipus Rex: Literary Analysis Essay Although The Kite Runner and Oedipus Rex differ from the style in which they were written and by the authors who wrote them what they do share are common themes. Both the play and the book share two major subject matters. Guilt is one theme that is seen constantly between Amir dealing with it in The Kite Runner written by Khaled Hosseini and Oedipus and Jocastaââ¬â¢s struggle with it in Oedipus Rex written by Sophocles. Another theme found in bothRead MoreSimilarities Between The Kite Runner And The Kite Runner838 Words à |à 4 Pageshas to deal with a father/son relationship. With Amir just wanting his own fathers approval, and Oedipus murdering his father (and sleeping with his mother, but thatââ¬â¢s not really ââ¬Å"importantâ⬠right nowâ⬠). Starting with Oedipus Rex, he was not aware that he was doing anything wrong. It was ââ¬Å"his dutyâ⬠to do so. For it was in the oracle of laius that if her were to have a son, that he would be murdered by said child. ââ¬Å"The oracle tells Laius that if he does have a son, his son will kill himâ⬠. He wantedRead MoreAlienation Amidst Dissimilarity: The Kite Runner1212 Words à |à 5 Pagesemotionsâ⬠(Alienation 1). Multiple times in the novel The Kite Runner, the protagonist, Amir, lives through an alienation that causes him to search for alternative routes in order to feel accepted. Amir struggles to stand up for himself which concerns his father, Baba, about his future well-being as an adult. The values that Amir possesses that make him so unique from ordinary children his age aggravate Baba. He endeavors to please his father who ignores him; but what Amir perceives to be attentionRead MoreKite Runner Essay899 Words à |à 4 Pages10/11/12 The Kite Runner Do you know that Afghanis play a game where they fight with kites? The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini describes kite fights between local Afghani kids, regardless of their social status. The main characters in this story that come from a higher socioeconomic level are Baba, a lawyer from the Pashtun tribe, and his son Amir. The main characters in this story that come from the lower socioeconomic level are Ali, a servant from the Hazara tribe, and his son Hassan who areRead MoreCritical Analysis Of The Kite Runner1090 Words à |à 5 PagesOctober 2017 Consequences of War: A Critical Analysis of the Kite Runner On a day to day basis, an individual is faced with an obstacle they must overcome, ultimately defining their morals and values. In the literature perspective, the novel The Kite Runner delivers multiple thematic ideas that portray the struggles of characters in their ordinary lives. Khaled Hosseini, author and physician, released his debut novel The Kite Runner in the year of 2003. This novel is written in the first personRead MoreSymbolism Of Kite Running By Khaled Hosseini1243 Words à |à 5 PagesKali Denney Mr. Snyder AP Literature and Composition 11 December 2015 Symbolism of Kite Running In this essay the book being discussed is, Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini. Khaled Hosseiniââ¬â¢s biography will be discussed as well as the historical influences upon him that affect the novel as a whole. The essay will contain a critical analysis as well as an analysis of the critical response to the work by others. In the novel and now a grown man, the main character Amir recalls events in his childhoodRead MoreAn Outline of The Kite Runner1602 Words à |à 6 PagesKite Runner Outline Thesis: Betrayal leads to feeling of guilt which forces the person in search of redemption either directly or through indirect actions and gestures. What truly constitutes forgiveness? Forgiveness has a different context depending on where the person is from or what he believes. Religion places a great emphasis on the view of forgiveness. Love is the major reason why people want to forgive and thus move on to normalize their relationships. In the Kite Runner, RahimRead MoreExternal Influences On Character Development In Khaled Hosseinis The Kite Runner983 Words à |à 4 PagesCharacter Development in The Kite Runner Parents are an essential part of the emotional and behavioral wellà being of their children. Often, parents fail to notice the negative effects that a poor parental relationship can have on a child. Neglect appears when parents are not meeting the physical and emotional needs of their offspring, which puts the child at risk of not receiving a full understanding of the right moral compass. Khaled Hosseiniââ¬â¢s novel, The Kite Runner, portrays the story of two friends Davis Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17962946375282893016noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-336373014934623662.post-28123432653381793332020-05-12T18:33:00.001-07:002020-05-12T18:33:03.589-07:00Essay on Ancient Crete - 1632 Words Ancient Crete First Inhabitants ?Humans are believed to have arrived on the island now known as Crete sometime between 6500-6000 BCE, and the early Neolithic inhabitants may have arrived from Asia Minor.? While these early inhabitants were primitive, they had already adapted some stages of productivity such as possessing domestic animals (?Minoan,? Dilos).? Modern archeological findings date handmade ceramic pottery, which was frequently decorated with incised geometric motifs and made to imitate vessels made of straw, wood, or hide, to this early time period (Koutsoupakis).? Minoan Civilization ?Around 3000 BCE, Crete became the home of the early Minoan civilization, a Bronze Age culture, named after the legendary rulerâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Pottery styles and decorations evolved during this time as Minoans used particular firing techniques and shaped pottery into designs such as ?teapot? shapes and tall, beaked pitchers.? Toward 1900 BCE, the end of this period, known as the Pre-Palace Period, the first polychrome pottery was made (?Minoan,? Dilos). The First Palace Period: 1900-1700 BCE ?The next historical period, known as the First Palace Period, has been so named because the Minoans began to build large palaces.? Modern excavations indicate there were palaces in Knossos, Phaestos, Malia, and Zakros, though archeologists believe there must have been others (?Minoan,? Dilos).? Excavations of these palaces have revealed several common characteristics: each contained a large public courtyard and provisions for storing large quantities of grain.? The palaces were believed to be administrative centers for large local populations; for example, recent estimates suggest Knossos had between 15,000 and 50,000 people (?The Missing Minoans?).? Palace excavations also reveal fine decorative pottery, perhaps the most decorative in the world, which was probably made at palace workshops (Koutsoupakis).? The pottery, known as Kamares ware and named after the cave where the pottery was first discovered, utilized polychrome and full movement in its designs.? Made in a variety of sha pes, andShow MoreRelatedCauses Of Minoan Civilization993 Words à |à 4 Pagescivilization is the first advanced civilization of the prehistoric Aegean region that was developed on a small island of Crete, where Sir Arthur Evans an English archaeologist named the civilization after a Cretan king called Minos. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to identify Minoan major civilization and the cause of its demise. Mystery of Minoan Crete Civilization Crete was the first inhabitant during the Neolithic period known as the ââ¬Å"New Stone Ageâ⬠. It was of the believe that the earliestRead MoreEssay on The Palace of Knossos995 Words à |à 4 PagesArchaeology gives the modern world a window into the past. One of Greeceââ¬â¢s major dig sites is the palace of Knossos. The palace of Knossos stood on the island of Crete near the modern town of Heraklion at the co-ordinates 35à ° 17ââ¬â¢ 52.66â⬠N, 25à ° 9ââ¬â¢ 47.36â⬠E. It was the home of King Minos and his queen. The Palace is the setting for a myth where the queen gave birth to a being that was half man, half bull, the Minotaurs, which was kept in the labyrinth of the palace; He was eventually slayed by the AthenianRead MoreThe Snake Goddess1440 Words à |à 6 Pagesfigurine, however evidence supports that The Snake Goddess symbolizes fertility, holiness, and life and death (Flamee). The most prominent way The Snake Goddess represents fertility is by her appearance. Standing at 13à ½ inches in the Herakleion Museum at Crete, The Snake Goddess holds a snake in each hand, wears a hat with a sitting cat on top and has exposed bare breasts (Witcombe). The fact that she is depicted partially nude, with her breasts uncovered is interpreted as a sign of fertility mostly relatingRead MoreSpreading Your Wings Essay806 Words à |à 4 Pageskey component. One piece of Whitingââ¬â¢s collection which can be seen at the River Gallery Sculpture Garden is his representation of Icarus. In Greek mythology, Icarus was the son of Daedalus, who built the labyrinth for King Minos of Crete in order to imprison the Minotaur. Minos imprisoned Daedalus and Icarus as well, though. However, being a craftsman, Daedalus constructed two pairs of wings from wax and feathers. When Icarus donned the wings and flew away from his prison, he flewRead MoreThe Differences Between Religion And Economy1177 Words à |à 5 Pageseconomy apparent in Minoan crete indicates that women enjoyed an elite and possibly powerful status in society. The Minoans occupied crete for about 1500 years and yet the Evidence derived from archaeological sources display the omnipresent representation of women and supports the idea that the Minoans were a female dominated society. However, written references to the Minoan ruler mention a ââ¬ËKing Minosââ¬â¢ and create a platform for debate as to who, if anybody, ruled Minoan Crete. Religion and itââ¬â¢s significanceRead MoreThe Bull At The Palace Of Minos Essay1836 Words à |à 8 Pagescaptivating tales from Ancient Greece is that of King Minos of Crete and the Minotaur, a beast half-man and half-bull. This legend, immortalised by modern films, has its origins in the Aegean, at a time when the bull held a special place in society. During excavations near Heraklion in Crete in 1990, English archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans unearthed a massive structure built by a sophisticated Bronze Age civilisation. Evans identified this as the Palace of King Minos in the ancient city of KnossosRead MoreThe Aegean Bronze Age Essay1516 Words à |à 7 Pagescreatures, hybrids and composites were prominent, alluding to the ways in which the Minoan populace endured the changing scope of their society. Yet despite these emblemsââ¬â¢ production, the notion of fantastic beings did not necessarily originate from Crete alone. More often than not, cultural practices migrated and constantly moved allowing for adaptations in material culture to materialize. Bearing this in mind, this essay will seek to probe the ways in which fantastic creatures moved and were adaptedRead MoreAtlantis: A Lesson Thats Twisted or Could It Have Existed? Essay1187 Words à |à 5 PagesFantasy is a tough sell in the twenty-first century. The world has been completely discovered and fully charted. Popular media has effectively minimized the legend and fantastic rumor, and advances in science continue to disprove many ancie nt myths. Satellites have mapped and studied the earth, leaving only a space frontier that is yet unreachable. But standing out is a charming fantasy the modern world has yet to verify or condemn: the Lost Continent of Atlantis. Plato gave the world itsRead MoreThe Greek Island Of Crete1411 Words à |à 6 PagesLocated on the Greek island of Crete is the ancient Palace of Knossos. It is found on the outskirts of the modern day city, Heraklion. The city of Knossos, as shown below, is directly focused in the centre of Crete and is slightly off the north coast. Even more so, it is situated south of the Greek mainland. Knossos, in simplistic terms, is an ancient Minoan palace and surrounding city on the island of Crete, where it was sung of by Homer in his Odyssey. The marvelled settlement wasRead MoreThe Minoan Civilization On The Mediterranean Island Of Crete Essay1141 Words à |à 5 PagesThe Minoan Civilization began on the Mediterranean island of Crete. It was first excavated by Sir Arthur Evans. The possible civilization sparked his interest when a charm that the Minoans use to wear was found, and it was brought to his attention. He started at Knossos, where the possible civilization became a reality. He uncovered multiple palaces, which have all been named since then. They are named: Knossos, Phaistos, Malia, and Zakros. Each one shows signs of religion, trade, and politics. They Davis Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17962946375282893016noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-336373014934623662.post-82620302835678499512020-05-06T12:46:00.001-07:002020-05-06T12:46:29.836-07:00American history id groups Free Essays The Armenian colonies had strong motivation as well as communication with each other that helped them suck together through all the hardships and changes they went through In the new world. An example of the colonists sucking together was while on the Mayflower all the people aboard knew that their chances of survival depended on sticking gather so, they agreed to form a democracy in which all of the men could vote to create laws for the common good of the colony. Known today as the Mayflower Compact, this agreement acknowledged the king and God, but modeled a new concept called the consent of the governed, which means common people voluntarily agree to allow the government to have authority over them. We will write a custom essay sample on American history id groups or any similar topic only for you Order Now Success didnââ¬â¢t come easy, and nearly half the passengers and crew died of hunger, disease and exposure before the winter was out. Still, the survivors were determined to make it in the New World, and they remained In America when the ship returned to England In April. Bradford knew that the colony could only survive If they had a harvest their first year, since there would be no re-supply shipments. So, he directed that each family plant their own seeds and provide their own food. This task was aided, once again, by their Indian predecessors, who had done all of the hard work of clearing fields for planting. But still, they struggled to get their European crops to grow in New World which caused many hardships that they got through by their unity. How to cite American history id groups, Papers Davis Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17962946375282893016noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-336373014934623662.post-26234288422175317582020-05-03T03:44:00.001-07:002020-05-03T03:44:03.116-07:00Summer Internship Project free essay sample He/ She will study the annual reports of the company for the past couple of years, understand the policies of the company, study the macro-environment in which the industry is operating. The Intern may also get oriented to various departments of the company and get to know the key functionaries. The Interns may meet these functionaries with prior appointment and understand the various perspectives from them in managing their departments. The interns will also get to know their company mentor and other executives/supervisors who will be closely guiding them during the period of Summer Internship. We will write a custom essay sample on Summer Internship Project or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page By the end of the orientation program in the company, the Intern should be able to clearly state his/her business objectives which would include specific and measurable targets to be achieved during the On-Job Training , break-up of targets on a weekly basis, synopsis for the Summer Training Report, etc. 2. 2 On-Job Training On-Job Training may stretch from the beginning to the end of Summer Internship. During this period, the Intern may be assigned various tasks by the organizations, which are part of the day-to-day functioning of the department within the organization.On-Job Training gives direct exposure to execution and support functions of the department. It gives a flavor of teamwork, organizational culture, team dynamics, result orientation, organizational pressures, complexities in achieving the desired results, etc. An Intern should take this as a learning experience and be ambitious of achieving the desired targets or accomplishing the required tasks, through professionalism and business acumen. On-Job Training provides good scope for developing necessary managerial skills and positive attitude.The Interns should keep this in their mind that the future employers will assess them on their summer internship and whether or not their temporary employer liked them enough to invite them back permanently. So work as hard as you can. At best, you may discover a fabulous new field youd never considered before. At a minimum, youll get a full-time offer, which will make you more marketable to future employers. The summer should be a time to make an investment in your future. 2. 3 Summer Training Report Each intern will undertake project/research work during the period of Summer Internship leading to Summer Training Report.A student would be assigned a specific project/research work involving project/research design, designing of questionnaires, application of sampling techniques, administering the survey, tabulation of data, application of statistical/managerial tools for analysis of data and drawing inferences/testing hypothesis thereof and finally culminating in the preparation of a detailed Summer Training Report. A good summer training report, providing value to the corporate may be the trigger for a better placement opportunity. 2. 4 Expectations from a Summer Intern ââ¬â Behave as a quasi-employee of the organization. Follow all the rules, regulations and codes of conduct of the organization. ââ¬â Strictly follow the Summer Internship guidelines. ââ¬â Prepare Industry/Company profile as soon as possible after commencement of the Summer Internship and submit it to the Faculty Mentor. ââ¬â Have continuous interaction with the Faculty Mentor, Placement Manager and the Company Mentor. ââ¬â Report constraints if any, to the Faculty Mentor without delay. ââ¬â Submit weekly progress report to the Faculty Mentor. ââ¬â Endeavor to secure pre-placement offer in Summer Internship Company through dedicated work and result orientation. Davis Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17962946375282893016noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-336373014934623662.post-66573642180261347552020-03-25T06:36:00.001-07:002020-03-25T06:36:01.914-07:00Women as Change Agents Most business leaders and employers are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of workplace flexibility with the increasing number of jobseekers who would prefer to work on a flexible schedule rather than work in a highly paying job with a tight schedule. Therefore, more and more employers are seeking options and programs to implement workplace flexibility in their organizations.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Women as Change Agents specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, there is a notable gap in workplace flexibility between men and women. In fact, some business leaders such as Kathleen Christensen believe that flexibility for women in the workplace is a social and structural issue. This is a fact considering that the traditional workplace was designed to fit the male workers because they could afford to work full-time without taking breaks to attend to other social imperatives such as care-givin g responsibilities (Richard Heffinerââ¬â¢s Open Mind, 2005, para. 3). Furthermore, most career paths were designed in such a way that people got employed in their early twenties, advanced through ranks, and retired in their sixties. This type of career path does not fit the needs of parents especially women who are currently contributing to almost half of the workforce. In the long run, people end up working for 80 hours and over while neglecting important social responsibilities such as child rearing, cooking, and cleaning. Therefore, it is obvious that this workplace structure does not fit the working parents, and hence, it is important to allow more flexibility in jobs in order to enable parents attend to other equally important matters (Richard Heffnerââ¬â¢s Open Mind, 2005, para. 2-6). On the other hand, various factors underlie the historical trends in womenââ¬â¢s flexibility in the workplace. According to Domenico and Jones (2006, p. 1), women have been subjects of c riticism throughout history with some critics viewing working women as immoral, unfeminine, objects of pity, and negligent mothers. Therefore, for a woman, having a career was a challenge considering their responsibilities and duties as mothers and wives, which could compromise their professional responsibilities. Because of these simultaneous work-family demands, it was difficult for most women to put their career aspirations first, and thus, their careers were significantly affected (Domenico Jones, 2006, p. 1).Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Furthermore, despite most women joining the workforce in large numbers over the years, their success in achieving career goals and objectives have been dwarfed by different factors including working in low-paying and less flexible jobs such as sales, nursing, social work, and teaching; or remaining in some conventional careers that could only afford them inflexible job opportunities. These factors are also closely related to stereotypical occupational roles designated to the male and female genders, which subsequently cause discrepancies in income, opportunities for growth, and career advancements between the two genders (Domenico Jones, 2006, pp. 2-7). Accordingly, two schools of thought have arose in an attempt to highlight the factors affecting womenââ¬â¢s pay (gender wage gap) in the workforce while taking note that women are likely to earn about two-thirds of what is paid to males with comparable qualifications and experience (Domenico Jones, 2006, p. 1). According to the human capital explanation, women are bound to earn less because their labor and hence productivity are divided between the family and work in comparison to men. Thus, the family responsibilities influence the working womanââ¬â¢s decisions when it comes to investing in education and devoting time to professional work. For exa mple, since women are expected to remain in the workforce for fewer years compared to men, it is obvious that they will invest less in obtaining work-related skills. Overall, less investment in work-related skills, lower productivity, discontinuous work history, and skill depreciation among most working women are the main factors driving the discrepancies in wages between women and men (Levine, 2003, p. 9). On the other hand, the discrimination school of thought holds that the work-related variables and sex segregation determine the gender wage gap. For example, men and women are bound to be clustered into different occupational groups whose pay grades are different. Hence, since most women are excluded from well-paying jobs through occupational segregation, their pay is also low compared to men (Levine, 2003, p. 11). The underlying factors affecting womenââ¬â¢s workplace flexibility and income notwithstanding, the number of working women is projected to increase in the next 10 y ears considering that most women are venturing into the once male-dominated careers such as finance, construction, and engineering. The same trend can also be noted from the rising number of women-owned firms and businesses most of which are non-farm businesses.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Women as Change Agents specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These businesses have been contributing a significant percentage of revenues generated from non-farm businesses in America while employing more than 7 million workers. Therefore, it is hereby hypothesized that as more and more employers fail to meet the flexibility requirements of most working women, more and more career women will turn to women-owned businesses, which have shown a solid growth according to statistics taken in 1997-2002. Therefore, most employer firms are challenged to embrace workplace flexibility in their organizations if at all they are to rec ruit and retain talented and experienced workers especially the career women in the contemporary society (Levine, 2003, pp. 13-19). References Domenico, D.M., Jones, K.H. (2006). Career aspirations of women in the 20th Century. Journal of Career and Technical Education, 22(2), 1-7. Levine, L. (2003). The gender wage gap and pay equity: Is comparable worth the next step? USA: The Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service. Richard Heffnerââ¬â¢s Open Mind. (2005). Women as change agents in America, Part I. The Thirteen Editorial Services. Web. This case study on Women as Change Agents was written and submitted by user Frederick Marquez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Davis Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17962946375282893016noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-336373014934623662.post-33076470869348939302020-03-06T11:59:00.001-08:002020-03-06T11:59:02.739-08:00Quotes That Reveal the Most Hate Around UsQuotes That Reveal the Most Hate Around Us Hatred is a powerful emotion. Unless kept in check, hate can cause an avalanche of destruction. It wreaks havoc on relationships, breaks up families and even takes innocent lives. It preys on civil societies. With hate, dark thoughts of revenge and destruction can cloud the mind. These quotes illuminate this most devastating and destructive emotion that has been with man throughout time and illuminated in religious texts as well as pop culture. Famous Quotes on Hate Jonathan SwiftWe have just enough religion to make us hate, but not enough to make us love one another. Kurt TucholskyThose who hate most fervently must have once loved deeply; those who want to deny the world must have once embraced what they now set on fire. Maya Angelouââ¬Å"Hate, it has caused a lot of problems in the world, but has not solved one yet.â⬠à Coretta Scott KingHate is too great a burden to bear. It injures the hater more than it injures the hated. Oprah WinfreyYou cannot hate other people without hating yourself. George Bernard ShawHatred is the cowards revenge for being intimidated. William Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatraââ¬Å"In time we hate that which we often fear.â⬠à Rene DescartesIt is easy to hate and it is difficult to love. This is how the whole scheme of things works. All good things are difficult to achieve, and bad things are very easy to get. The Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.Hatred paralyzes life; love releases it. Hatred confuses life; love harmonizes it. Hatred darkens life; love illuminates it. ââ¬Å"Let no man pull you so low as to hate him.â⬠à Napoleon BonaparteA true man hates no one. Lord ByronHatred is the madness of the heart. AristotleTo enjoy the things we ought, and to hate the things we ought, has the greatest bearing on excellence of character. Stephen KingMonsters are real, and ghosts are real too. They live inside us, and sometimes, they win. Victoria WolffHate is not a good counselor. Charles Caleb ColtonWe hate some persons because we do not know them, and we will not know them because we hate them. Sir Walter RaleighHatreds are the cinders of affection. Zsa Zsa GaborI never hated a man enough to give him his diamonds back. Arnold SchopenhauerHatred comes from the heart; contempt from the head; and neither feeling is quite within our control. Henry Ward BeecherThere is no faculty of the human soul so persistent and universal as that of hatred. Kathleen NorrisHate is all a lie; there is no truth in hate. George EliotHatred is like fire - it makes even light rubbish deadly. Henry Emerson FosdickHating people is like burning down your own house to get rid of a rat. Ivy CullerHate less; live longer. John Steinbeckââ¬Å"Try to understand men. If you understand each other you will be kind to each other. Knowing a man well never leads to hate and almost always leads to love.â⬠Davis Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17962946375282893016noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-336373014934623662.post-37780757232303617612020-02-19T03:25:00.001-08:002020-02-19T03:25:03.035-08:00Cultural Effects of Alexander's Conquests EssayCultural Effects of Alexander's Conquests - Essay Example The people of Asia were quick to adopt the culture of the conquerors. This situation set the stage for integrating Greek culture in the conquered territories and information from both ways. As a result artists, painters, musicians and writers flocked to these cities founded by Alexander in Persia, Egypt and in the later other cities also followed classic Greek city style, complete with baths, temples and public meeting places, a style directly borrowed from Greek, which was further spread along the Silk road in the conquered territories. It is a well-known fact that, the changes in cultures, which we know as history of the civilization, are the direct consequence of sweeping conquests. When Alexander's armies subjugated the known world by their military prowess, the result was Hellinization of the cultures in the centuries to come, and the impact was equal spread from Europe to Middle East and Central Asia. By 323 BC Alexander Empire was stretched from Greece to Egypt, Iran and India. As the Empire grew larger, so does the Greek influence in these new conquered territories. At every conquered territory Alexander setup a strategic military installations with complete Greek style towns, which imported the Greek culture and ideas. And these influences can even be observed even in today in central Asian art and architecture. Despite the enormous distance between the Asia and Europe, the two continents were in contact via Silk Road, which was famous and well-known route for travelers, merchants, pilgrims spreading trade and culture along the silk road from Rome to Central Asia .Without any doubt it was the conquering nations who brought this cultural change and diffusion allowing this diffusion of cultures. Alexander made conscious efforts to hellinize the world, which can be seen by his marriage to Persian princess, the daughter of Darius III .He also asked 80 of his officers to marry local women. During 324 B.C in a feast he offered 10000 of his men foreign women. Other than that he also built about thirty Greek style cities along the route of his conquest, an extension of Hellenistic empire, which continued long after his death. These cities, in the later years even though separated from Greek rule remained alive enclaves of Greek culture. The elite of these cities not only spoke Greek language, but also adopted Greek customs and traditions, including taking part in Greek athletics. Alexander conquests provided the chance for Hellinism to flourish with much greater force among these territories. As a result Greek culture became the culture of the rulers. Alexander used different techniques to consolidate these conquests. For example Alexander founded the colonial installations, even though some were mere military installations, mainly occupied by army to control the city. The important aspect of these cities and town was to acquire the status of Greek cities and able to imitate the Greek style of government. Greco- Macedonians, who lived like Greeks formed part of the local population, ruled these cities. Being conquered, it was natural for these conquered territories to follow the Greek culture and language. One of Alexander's general Peukestas learned Persian language and even became familiar with Persian culture and adopted their clothes, which was an exceptional case. Normally it was the conquered population, who followed the Greek traditions and tried to b ecome part of hellenized culture for Davis Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17962946375282893016noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-336373014934623662.post-44767446618800522352020-02-04T04:03:00.001-08:002020-02-04T04:03:02.719-08:00Financial Analysis of Durango Manufacturing Company Research PaperFinancial Analysis of Durango Manufacturing Company - Research Paper Example Durango Manufacturing Company is a firm that deals in manufacturing of a variety of products and the supply of industrial products. The firm deals in aircraft manufacturing, apparel manufacturing, automotive manufacturing, chemical and allied products, glass manufacturing, home and garden supplies, industrial importers and exporters, paper and pulp, railroad manufacturing, and other forms of manufacturing. The organization has in the past received Best Business Bureau (BBA) accreditation, which recognized their relentless commitment to making strenuous efforts of satisfying consumer complaints. The award considers the period of time the business has been in operation, the amount of information available concerning the business, and most importantly, there should be no consumer complaint filed with the Better Business Bureau (Csaszar, 2012). Durango manufacturing companyââ¬â¢s Chief Executive Officer (CEO) does not have sufficient expertise in financial management and creating valu e for the firmââ¬â¢s various stakeholder groups. ... Corporate finance is crucial as it defines how organizations fund their activities and achieve their goals and objectives. Organizations are always faced with a dilemma between re-investing their excess revenues or using it to pay shareholder dividends. An ample financial literature is crucial as it enables chief executive officers to rationally appropriate the finances of an organization while maintaining high quality shareholder relations. The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Durango manufacturing limited should seek financial training to enhance his financial literature. The firm is a large multinational firm with extensive financial implications. Also, the magnitude of its daily operations represents a relatively large financial risk that requires high-tech financial management expertise. Because of the complexity of the organization, the managing director should seek training in financial management or management accounting. Management accounting comprises the provision of finan cial information, as well as the financial advisor to a business (Brigham & Ehrhardt, 2013). Financial management starts with the management of financial information (Bhat, 2008). Financial information refers to data like credit card numbers, account balances, credit ratings, and other monetary details concerning an organization, which are used in implementing various activities like credit assessment, loan transactions and sundry. The chief executive officer should know how to process financial information to safeguard Durango Manufacturing Company profile from bad publicity associated with financial misappropriations.à Davis Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17962946375282893016noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-336373014934623662.post-61914462386962242232020-01-27T00:27:00.001-08:002020-01-27T00:27:05.354-08:00Importance of Intellectual Capital in the Modern EconomyImportance of Intellectual Capital in the Modern Economy Executive Summary The report discusses the relative importance of the Intellectual Capital in the present economy due to the revolution that fosters the propagation of the value creation. The Intellectual Assets of an organisation play a vital role in improving its value and maintaining the competitive advantage. However, these intellectual assets are not capitalised in the financial statements as they are unable to determine their historic costs and their future benefits are sometimes uncertain. Despite of this a lot of companies have discovered ways that facilitate the valuation , measurement and reporting of their intellectual assets i.e companies like Coca Cola , Marks Spencer and Kingston Hull Plc have reflected their intangible assets such as brands separately from the goodwill on their company balance sheets as some guidance is provided by the International Accounting Standard in the disclosure of the intangible assets. The report also presents some theories that are aimed at eliminating the confusions created about the Accounting Profession. As the Accounting Profession and the Accountants cannot be blamed as conservatives in not providing space for the Intellectual Assets in the financial statements because in doing so , the financial statements will loose their relevance , reliability and neutrality. The report further throws some light on the issues that are related to the field of Intellectual Capital that include that there is no uniformity in the relative theory as there is no such definition and the Intellectual Capital model that is accepted generally. In the end the report concludes by suggesting that the under the supervision of the International Accounting Standard researchers, consultants, scholars and the accountants have to find a common way such that the value relevance of the Intellectual Capital and the principles of accounting are preserved. Aims and Objectives The aim of this study is to discuss that whether the exclusion of the Intellectual Assets of an organisation in the balance is realistic and pragmatic. As the Intellectual Capital is considered a value driver for the modern economy and a lot of organisations are focusing on their intellectual assets as compared to the intangible assets. Objectives The objectives of this study include: To assess the importance of the Intangible assets as compared to the tangible assets of an organisation. To provide some evidences about the organisations attitudes and the awareness about their intellectual assets. Finally, to conclude that whether the eviction of the Intellectual assets is pragmatic or not. Rationale The Current Gobal economies are now facing a new revolution that brings them to a new form of business environment. This major change in the world economies is due to the fact that there has been a disproportion observed between the Book Value and the Market Value of a firm. Because , in the past the Balance Sheet and the Income statement were the only tools used by the Shareholders ,managers and the executives to make strategic decisions and monitoring the performance of the company. However, it can be argued that things have changed now. As one of the important concern for the companies is the Value Creation. The expansion of the markets in the product or a service sector has been possible with the aid of the internet , high- technology and the innovation ,information , market chains and globalisation. This in turn has created a global competition among the firms that are now striving to acquire knowledge. Furthermore, the acquisition of the knowledge brings some vital concerns of its use, management and the improvement. This has changed the operations of the the organizations that used to emphasize on the production capability ,now focus on the creative operational structure. The organisations are now using the special tools for acquisition, management and the protection of knowledge such as Research Development , Patents , trademarks , copyrights , databases , customer and supplier relationships and Human Resources are known as the intellectual assets of the organization and constitute the Intellectual Capital. The relative importance and the expected returns of the Intellectual Capital has convinced the organisations to think and work in a new innovative way to achieve dominance over the competitors in the market. However , inspite of this the Intellectual Capital has not been considered in the performance appraisals and not included in the financial statements under the heading of assets. The organisations are spending a lot on the Intellectual Capital as compared to their tangible assets so therefore it is not wise to go against the flow of current market trends by focusing more on the tangible assets. This would lead to the creation of inaccurate procedures, policies and the decisions. Hence reducing the value in front of the investors and the customers. Cowey (1999), approves the conception of a ââ¬Å"New Economy ââ¬Å" and the ââ¬Å" Knowledge Company â⬠and insists that this concept accepted world-wide. He demonstrates that the opinions of ââ¬Å" what we own â⬠to ââ¬Å" what we Know â⬠have changed and know it depends upon the companies to apprehend the value creation by putting stakes in the training technology , staff retention and knowledge otherwise the efforts will not be productive. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and development (OECD , 2005) reports that the investments in the Intellectual Capital has grown faster than the investments on machinery and equipment few years back. It is further revealed that the spending on the Research Development , software and the higher education was higher than the spending on the Machinery and the equipment in USA and Finland notebaly in 2002 and increased in greater proportions between 1994 2002 among the OECD countries as well. Arora(2000) purports that the the edge on the competitors in the challenging business environment can only be achieved by the proper administration of the Intellectual Capital which is another name of the Knowledge management. Kaplan Norton(2001) suggest that the companyââ¬â¢s market value includes only 10-15% of the companyââ¬â¢s book value of the assets. Furthermore, the possibilities of producing a value are risen through the the activities whose foundation is the knowledge that is enforced on the intangible assets of an organisation as compared to tangible assets. A Convention held under the OECD(1999) , concludes that a prominent set of information is required on the Intellectual Capital in its association with the tangible assets in the determination of value. Traditional Financial Reporting does not provide the necessary information to pursue the value creation process. Due to the availability of the information via internet technologies there is a need of a new reporting model that accommodates the information pertaining the Intellectual Capital that creates the value for customers and suppliers. Bradley(1997) discovered that the predicaments that were involved in the traditional financial accounting were due to the emergence of value. He explained the problem by arguing that the balance sheets and the income statements were the benchmarks in delivering the financial information to the shareholders. However, the significance of these financial statements in propagating the value has decreased due to the emerging trend of investments in the intangible assets. It is stated that the value of the brands was not reflected in the financial statements and in the equity values .This has led to the reconsideration of the intangible assets and the brands specifically. This fostered the proposition of of including such assets in the financial statements. However , the accounting profession does not fully supports the the idea that the intangible assets are the main factors in creating the value. On the contrary the investors and the trade leaders have acknowledged this truth. Furthermore, it is also quoted that 72% of the value was not reflected in the balance sheets of the companies surveyed in United Kingdom. Brands form the major part of the unexplained value that is not part of the balance sheet (Brand Finance plc , 2000). The Figure 1 shows the Gap between the market capitalisation and the net asset value. Why Intellectual Capital Upton(2001) reports that the companies under the scrutiny of the FASB Business Reporting Research Project provide considerable non- monetary information. Therefore it can be argued that the AICPA and FASB have been analysing the Intellectual Capital since 1991.The Intellectual Capital is considered endangered when the information of a company becomes obsolete when the competitor increases its information. Therefore the preservation of the Intellectual Capital is crucial for maintaining the competitive edge. However,the companies that are knowledge intensive are prone to risks of losing their market shares(MacDougall Hurst,2005).Guthrie(2000) suggests that ââ¬Å"Accountants must find a to incorporate measures of Intellectual Capital or they will become irrelevant ââ¬Å". Statement of Methodology The method used in the report is the study of the literature that is already present in the field of Intellectual Capital and the Accounting to support the arguments.After, the study necessary facts and evidences are combined to form the Literature Review of this report. This report does includes the collection of the primary data and its analysis. A case study is added to further enhance the understanding of the applications of IC in firms. Research Question The research question is ââ¬Å" Is the exclusion of Intellectual Assets from accounting statements realistics?â⬠The research question of this report is basically a debate that is going on in the academic, industrial and the business sector. This topic demands study to be commenced taking in account both the views of the implications of including or excluding the intellectual assets in the financial statements. Literature Review Definition of the Intellectual Capital The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and development (OECD , 1999) illustrated that the Intellectual Capital was the composition of the financial value of two classes of the intangible assets i.e Structural Capital Human Capital The structural Capital includes the organisational resources like the softwares, databases etc. The Human Capital however, contains the human resources employees (internally) , customers and suppliers(externally). The term Intellectual Capital is presumed as having the same meaning as the Intangible Asset. In contrast , the definition that is provided by the OECD(1999) puts the Intellect Capital as a subset of the intangible assets of an organisation. Because there are certain intangible assets that do not fall under the category of the Intellectual Capital. The repute of a firm is not considered as a part of the Intellectual Capital(Guthrie Petty , 2000). Stewart(1997) defines the Intellectual Capital as a ââ¬Å" Intellectual Material ââ¬Å" that Includes the knowledge , information , intellectual property , experience that can be used to generate wealth. Furthermore , Stewart (1997) categorises the intellectual capital in to structural , customer and the human capital. He argues that the human capital is the generator of the innovation and the improvement. The structural capital includes the tools and the facilities that are used the human capital to form value. Customer Capital includes the value that is produced as a consequence of the organisations relations with which performs the business transactions(Stewart , 1997). Intellectual Capital can also be defined as the combination of the human capital and the structural capital. The human capital includes the knowledge , skills and the experience of the employees. It is further argued that the human capital is not in the possession of the organisation as compared to the structural capital (Edvinsson Malone , 1997). Elements of the Intellectual Structural Capital Structural Capital is what is left behind in the organisation when the employees go home. The Structural Capital arises from the those organisational processes that are focusing on the improvement and the establishment of the organisation. (Roos et al , 1997). Bontis et al (1999) suggests that the structural capital includes the organisational resources that encompass the knowledge that is not actually stored in the human brains and whose value is greater than its physical value.These assets include databases , softwares , manuals , trademarks , leaseholds , franchises , patents , licenses , employee training , employee contracts etc. The structural capital plays an important role in the creation of the value. As it helps the human capital to explore new ideas , learn from the past experience and protects the knowledge and the new inventions by providing the technology and the legal aid. Customer Capital Kohli jaworski(2000) defined the customer capital as the organisations ability to evolve the knowledge about market that is focusing on the cutomer desires and perceptions. This acquired knowledge is used by the organisations in response to the changing attitudes of the customers and the market. Organisations use this knowledge to have a contingency plan to tackle the threats produced from changing market trends. The definition provided by Bontis(1999) suggests the customer capital should be iterated as the relational capital that includes the relationships with the suppliers, partners and the investors in addition to the relationship with the customers. Human Capital Hudson(1993) defined the human capital as the composition of the inheritance, qualifications , experience with the opinions about life and business. It is further argued that the organisational employees are the key architects of the Intellectual Capital through their proficiency , opinions and expertise. The competence of the employees includes skills and qualifications and their opinions come under their behaviour and perceptions about work. The expertise is important in devising the innovative solutions to the problems. Furthermore, employees are an important asset for an organisation but they are not owned assets(Roos et al , 1997). Exploitation Of Intellectual Capital (Economical Perspective) It is suggested that the critical factor in the improvement of the economy is the proper utilization of the Intellectual capital .It is further noted that by increasing the tricks of Intellectual Capital will provide a competitive edge and the value of the firm will be augmented and specifically business will bring financial benefits. It is not a new thing that the intangible assets like brands, intellectual property , relationships are considered as a unprocessed input for the organization that increases the worth by the application of intelligence in possession of the organization. (Watters et al 2006 , Intellectual Assets Center , Glasgow, Uk). The research on the recognition and reporting of the intangible assets and the intellectual capital has brought them to the acute attention.The research believes that the intangible assets play a significant role in the creation of endurable competitive advantage with in the advanced organsations.Due to the expansion of the modern knowledge based economy it has become transparent that the intangible assets and the Intellectual Capital of an organization have become a platform in accomplishing the competitive advantage as compared to the hi-tech tangible assets(Drew , 1999). Tayles et al (2005) have described two doctrines in the realization of the intangible assets that provide the assistance in the achievement of the competitive superiorty. The research is continuously striving to find the authentic procedures to measure the intangible assets and the indices that provide a forecast of the future economical benefits based upon the doctrines that are prescribed by Tayles et al (2005).Firstly , the expanding financial statements of the companies is the idiosyncracy of its Intellectual Capital that give the edge on the market competitors. Secondly, is the inefficient justification of the Intellectual Capital in the expansion of the economy(Tayles et al , 2005). Skinner (1986) purported that with the utilization of the technology, manufacturing productivity can be achieved by the intangible assets of the company which are the authentic reagents of the prosperity and that justify the monetary investment. How the Companies Exploit the Intellectual Capital Case Study Kingston Communications(Hull) Plc is group of companies based in Hull,United Kingdom. The groups is presently offering the services related to information, communication technology and the telecommunications to the consumer markets in UK. The groups Brands include Affiniti,Smart 421,Jam IP(Integration and management services),Karoo, Eclipse, Mistral (Internet and Telecommunication services) and Hull Color pages and Know( Information Services). The group is Ammortising the its Intangible Assets that aquired in the Acquisitions.In 2007,the ammortisation on intangibles was à ¢Ã¢â¬Å¡Ã ¤8 million(from Total depreciation and ammortisation).The group also has purchased the tangible and the Intangible assets worth à ¢Ã¢â¬Å¡Ã ¤30.2 million.The Groups Controlled measures include, measuring the learning and development(p9),Customer Satisfaction. KM also believes that Human Resources when managed through and effective Policy can bring the Tangible effect on the companys performance. KM is running a development program to enhance the Knowledge and Intelligence of the employees.The company also manages the Relational (Custmer) Capital by arranging the meetings of the Directors on the Investor relations and the shareholders concerns specifically. The Companyââ¬â¢s publishes its Financial Reports complying with the IFRS,however, the company also provides additional disclosures if compliance with the IFRS does not fullfil the requirements of the users(i.e External Stakeholders,External investors,Suppliers and the Customers) to understand the impact of certain transactions that have an effect on the financial performance of the company. Relational Capital Management and Policies Arranaging meetings with the shareholders time to time to discuss the companyââ¬â¢s strategies and performance.Maintaining a investors relations function to encourage and improve the communication with the investors. The Goodwill of the Company in 2007 was worth à ¢Ã¢â¬Å¡Ã ¤192.754 million(2006:à ¢Ã¢â¬Å¡Ã ¤155.551 million) and the Intangible Assets had the value of à ¢Ã¢â¬Å¡Ã ¤48.511 million (2006 : à ¢Ã¢â¬Å¡Ã ¤39.450) according to the Balance Sheet on 31st march,2007. The Cash Flow Statement of the Company for the year ended 31st march,2007 also explicitly show the Amounts of the Ammortisation of Intangibles as compared to the tangible fixed assets.The Cash Flow statement also show the companys procurement of the Intangible assets à ¢Ã¢â¬Å¡Ã ¤6.495 illion in 2007. The financial statements of the Company are prepared according to the principles prescribed by IFRS and IFRIC.These financial statements are based on the concept of historical Cost accounting.However, the statements are modified due to the revaluation of the financial assets to a fair value by using the income statement. Intangible Assets Identified by Kingston Communications The Intangible Assets of the Kingston Communication include: 1.) Goodwill 2.) Customer and Supplier Relationships 3.) Technology and Brands 4.) Software 5.) Development Goodwill The Groups Goodwill is reported in the acquisitions of the subsidiaries and it is the difference between the Cost of Acquisition and the Net Assets. The Goodwill is tested for impairment annually. Development The companyââ¬â¢s intangibe asset that is developed through the research and development activities only when it fulfils the criteria of Intangible Asset Recognition prescribed by IAS 38 i.e the asset is identifiable,impact on future cash flows and the developmental costs of the assets are measured reliably.The estimated life of the internally developed intangible asset is 1 year and is also ammortised on a straight line basis. Valuation of the Intangible Assets in Kingston Commnuications The intangible assets that are acquired through the acquisitions are valued on the basis of their time value and the future impact of on the performance of the companies. Appraisal of Intellectual Capital in Kingston Communications The Kingston Communication is exploiting,managing and reporting its Intellectual Capital as tool necessary for the competitive advantage and for improving the future performance of the company. According to the companies policy the Intangibles Assets are included in the Balance Sheets in order to satisfy its investors and guarantee the future investments in the company. However, there are no benchmarks for the management and the evaluation of the these Intangible assets.Also, the company is not using the models for the Classification of these Intangible assets as suggested by (Kingston Hull plc , 2008) Measuring the IC (Performance)through strategies(Management Accounting) Simons(1999) suggests that the by measuring the performance of a company is basically the comparison of the outcomes of the business activities with the critical business targets. The traditional financial accounting utilizes two techniques to measure the Performance .These are Return on Capital Employed(ROCE) and Return on Assets (ROA). However , these techniques are condemned due to the fact that they are old fashioned , unable measure the intangible assets and are unable to appraise the stakes in the technology which is essential for the firm to compete in the global market(Bourne et al , 2000; Amir Lev , 1996). Valuation Methodologies(Performance Measures as well) The economic measure of the Profit yields the same result as the traditional accounting during the matching phase of costs and revenues by preserving the value significance. This is done by improving the financial reports with the disclosure of the concealed assets like the intangible assets and the investments in the long run(Simons , 1990). (It includes the tools and various methodologies ) Watters et al(2006) have discussed the application of a Scorecard assessment tool in the Scottish SME that provides a review that how efficiently companies are exploiting their Intellectual assets.The tool helps the SMEs to manage three areas of operations i.e Sales and Marketing , Research and Development and Human Resources. It assign the scores to activities that come under the three operational areas according to their effectiveness and links them to the strategic objectives of the firms. (Appendix 1) Brand Finance plc(2000) suggests that there are a lot of methods present for the valuation of the Brands, however there is a need to find an optimal one. Cost based methods of brand valuations show a disparity from its market valuation. The Market Comparison method is not efficient as it is difficult to obtain the comparison data. Royalty Relief method determines the royalty rate on the estimates of the income generated from brands. However , this method does not clearly states that how a brand is going to create value. The Economic Use method combines the consumer and the competitor to entitle the value to the brand.The last method is the most optimal method which is the Brand Finance that uses the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) analysis in concluding the value for a brand.As the Discounted Cash Flow method valuation complies with the valuations performed by the financial analysts , accountants to check for the impairment of the intangible assets. Measurement of Intellectual Capital Why there is a need for the companies to measure the intellectual capital This is a very long debate that why companies need to measure the intellectual capital.There are several advantages of doing that. The term intellectual capital can be said to be ââ¬Å"expandableâ⬠in terms of the Value and rewards. The greater the effort of a company the greater is a competitive advantage and greater is sustainability of the company. Nowadays companies and the firms have become Knowledge aware i.e they have now recognized the importance of the of the knowledge that creates value and sustainability. The Companies working in the Telecommunication, Pharmaceutical and the research technology sector specifically have to invest a lot in the Research and Development to compete and develop the innovative solutions to avail the opportunities in the market.Therefore, there is a strong need for these companies to devote themselves to measure and manage their intellectual capital effectively. However, it is very difficult to justify the investments in digging out the knowledge that creates value .These investments are rather very complex and unpredictable even if they are tested and analysed by the efficient tools for their proficiency. Some Organisations that are knowledge based are sometimes not sure about the amount of the Knowledge they have and the amount of knowledge they need tocarry out their functions internally and externally. That is the reason, these organizations loose the interest of the investors and therefore the investment. Balanced Scorecard (An Alternative to Balance Sheets) Kaplan Norton(1992) , presented the theory of the Balanced Scorecard for improving and tracking down the performance of an organisation. The authors suggest four dimensions such as Financial , Customer , internal business process and learning and growth. These dimensions are believed to provide a insight in to the current performance and identify the factors that can improve the future performance. A combination of the non-financial and financial measures are insufficient in determining the performance of an organisation. The main problem is that its just like a Wild Goose Chase as this amalgam of the performance indicators are not pursuing a specific business objective. Kaplan Norton(1996) believe that the both the financial and the non- financial measures must have a focus on a goal that has to be achieved in maintaining the sustainability. The authors further argue that the various measures provided by the balanced scorecard can help the organisation to plan a particular strategy and then can implement it across its subsidiaries, departments to share a common motive with trasnparency. A well planned BSC can hep the organisation to learn from the short-term reports that are generated and scrutinized through various perspectives. Andriessen(2004) suggests that the predicament of measuring the Intellectual Capital can be resolved by applying the balanced scorecard. It has been advised that the specified strategy plans can be created that guide the organisations to confidently invest in the human resources, technology and the structural capital. It is further revealed that by measuring and administering the intellectual capital can also help the organisation to convert its non-monetary achievements in to monetary achievements(Kaplan Norton , 2004). A study conducted by Hagood Friedman(2002) devised a way for the implementation of the balanced scorecard to measure the accomplishments of the human resource information system of a company. They have developed a system that uses the balanced scorecard as its foundation to improve the human resource information system in association with highlighting the goals and objectives of the organisation. Despite of its usefulness the Balanced Scorecard has some limitations. In this context Voelpel et al (2006) has identified five limitations of the balanced scorecard in its application in the modern economy. First being its inflexibility that is, it measures the performance of a company only in four perspectives by leaving behind some other perspectives out of attention. Voelpel et al(2006 ) explain the second limitation which is that the BSC is less efficient in accommodating the changes in the changing economy. The BSC a defines a strategy for a company and its subsidiaries to achieve a goal by neglecting the individual goals of a subsidiary as a consequence a company is unable to use its potential properly. The third one is that BSC focuses more on improving the internal performance of an organisation therefore by losing a link with the external world to exploit the innovation.The forth limitation of a BSC is that it focuses on the organisation in itself and provides no information about the actions of competitors. The fifth problem with the balance scorecard is that it goes straight in measuring the performance in a rational way .As a consequence the more complex predicaments are difficult to apprehend(Voelpel et al , 2006). A Comparison between the benefits that arise from intangible and tangible assets There are risks involved with the investment in the intangible assets like RD. Kothari et al(1998) have conducted a research by comparing the uncertainty of benefits associated with the tangibles and the intangibles assets. The methodology used for this research was the regression analysis of the future earnings variability involved with the expenditure in Research and Development and the tangible assets .Furthermore , the variables like firm size and the leverage are also used to define the boundary of a research.It has been illustrated by Kothari et al (1998) that the future benefits of RD investment are more uncertain than the tangible assets. Shi(2003) has analysed and studied the relationship of bond prices and the measures of RD expenditures and suggest that there is a fair risk involved with the spending of the RD projects that increases risk factor with the bondholders claims and hence are more riskier than the other projects. Issues in Intellectual Capital(Flaws in the IC Concepts) Bontis (2001) discovered a predicament with the intangibles assets is that there is no unique conception that is accepted by everyone. Every investigator or a consultant who contributes to the debate expects the approval and recommends his own jargon. Various other researchers have pointed out flaws in the definitions of the Intellectual Capital. According to Edvinsson and Malone(1997) the intellectual capital was the difference of Market value and the Book value. In contrast Upton(2001) recommends that the intellectual capital cannot be absolutely characterized by simply calculating the difference of market and book value. Following that Habersam and Piber(2003) advocate that the term intellectual capital cannot be determined by the difference of market value and the book value. Pragmatically, the difference can be influenced by some other elements that are not associated with the intangibles.Further research enumerates five components that can realize a change in the the stock prices which incorporates the recognised assets , company liabilities , legal events , shareholders equity and the timing issues(Garcia-Ayuso 2003). The benefits received by a firm cannot be attributed to the individual intangible Assets as such benefits are a result from the inter-cooperation of more than one Intangible asset. Therefore, it could be wise to value the intangible assets all together. It is further argued that the market value of a firm cannot be ascribed to the intangible asset Importance of Intellectual Capital in the Modern Economy Importance of Intellectual Capital in the Modern Economy Executive Summary The report discusses the relative importance of the Intellectual Capital in the present economy due to the revolution that fosters the propagation of the value creation. The Intellectual Assets of an organisation play a vital role in improving its value and maintaining the competitive advantage. However, these intellectual assets are not capitalised in the financial statements as they are unable to determine their historic costs and their future benefits are sometimes uncertain. Despite of this a lot of companies have discovered ways that facilitate the valuation , measurement and reporting of their intellectual assets i.e companies like Coca Cola , Marks Spencer and Kingston Hull Plc have reflected their intangible assets such as brands separately from the goodwill on their company balance sheets as some guidance is provided by the International Accounting Standard in the disclosure of the intangible assets. The report also presents some theories that are aimed at eliminating the confusions created about the Accounting Profession. As the Accounting Profession and the Accountants cannot be blamed as conservatives in not providing space for the Intellectual Assets in the financial statements because in doing so , the financial statements will loose their relevance , reliability and neutrality. The report further throws some light on the issues that are related to the field of Intellectual Capital that include that there is no uniformity in the relative theory as there is no such definition and the Intellectual Capital model that is accepted generally. In the end the report concludes by suggesting that the under the supervision of the International Accounting Standard researchers, consultants, scholars and the accountants have to find a common way such that the value relevance of the Intellectual Capital and the principles of accounting are preserved. Aims and Objectives The aim of this study is to discuss that whether the exclusion of the Intellectual Assets of an organisation in the balance is realistic and pragmatic. As the Intellectual Capital is considered a value driver for the modern economy and a lot of organisations are focusing on their intellectual assets as compared to the intangible assets. Objectives The objectives of this study include: To assess the importance of the Intangible assets as compared to the tangible assets of an organisation. To provide some evidences about the organisations attitudes and the awareness about their intellectual assets. Finally, to conclude that whether the eviction of the Intellectual assets is pragmatic or not. Rationale The Current Gobal economies are now facing a new revolution that brings them to a new form of business environment. This major change in the world economies is due to the fact that there has been a disproportion observed between the Book Value and the Market Value of a firm. Because , in the past the Balance Sheet and the Income statement were the only tools used by the Shareholders ,managers and the executives to make strategic decisions and monitoring the performance of the company. However, it can be argued that things have changed now. As one of the important concern for the companies is the Value Creation. The expansion of the markets in the product or a service sector has been possible with the aid of the internet , high- technology and the innovation ,information , market chains and globalisation. This in turn has created a global competition among the firms that are now striving to acquire knowledge. Furthermore, the acquisition of the knowledge brings some vital concerns of its use, management and the improvement. This has changed the operations of the the organizations that used to emphasize on the production capability ,now focus on the creative operational structure. The organisations are now using the special tools for acquisition, management and the protection of knowledge such as Research Development , Patents , trademarks , copyrights , databases , customer and supplier relationships and Human Resources are known as the intellectual assets of the organization and constitute the Intellectual Capital. The relative importance and the expected returns of the Intellectual Capital has convinced the organisations to think and work in a new innovative way to achieve dominance over the competitors in the market. However , inspite of this the Intellectual Capital has not been considered in the performance appraisals and not included in the financial statements under the heading of assets. The organisations are spending a lot on the Intellectual Capital as compared to their tangible assets so therefore it is not wise to go against the flow of current market trends by focusing more on the tangible assets. This would lead to the creation of inaccurate procedures, policies and the decisions. Hence reducing the value in front of the investors and the customers. Cowey (1999), approves the conception of a ââ¬Å"New Economy ââ¬Å" and the ââ¬Å" Knowledge Company â⬠and insists that this concept accepted world-wide. He demonstrates that the opinions of ââ¬Å" what we own â⬠to ââ¬Å" what we Know â⬠have changed and know it depends upon the companies to apprehend the value creation by putting stakes in the training technology , staff retention and knowledge otherwise the efforts will not be productive. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and development (OECD , 2005) reports that the investments in the Intellectual Capital has grown faster than the investments on machinery and equipment few years back. It is further revealed that the spending on the Research Development , software and the higher education was higher than the spending on the Machinery and the equipment in USA and Finland notebaly in 2002 and increased in greater proportions between 1994 2002 among the OECD countries as well. Arora(2000) purports that the the edge on the competitors in the challenging business environment can only be achieved by the proper administration of the Intellectual Capital which is another name of the Knowledge management. Kaplan Norton(2001) suggest that the companyââ¬â¢s market value includes only 10-15% of the companyââ¬â¢s book value of the assets. Furthermore, the possibilities of producing a value are risen through the the activities whose foundation is the knowledge that is enforced on the intangible assets of an organisation as compared to tangible assets. A Convention held under the OECD(1999) , concludes that a prominent set of information is required on the Intellectual Capital in its association with the tangible assets in the determination of value. Traditional Financial Reporting does not provide the necessary information to pursue the value creation process. Due to the availability of the information via internet technologies there is a need of a new reporting model that accommodates the information pertaining the Intellectual Capital that creates the value for customers and suppliers. Bradley(1997) discovered that the predicaments that were involved in the traditional financial accounting were due to the emergence of value. He explained the problem by arguing that the balance sheets and the income statements were the benchmarks in delivering the financial information to the shareholders. However, the significance of these financial statements in propagating the value has decreased due to the emerging trend of investments in the intangible assets. It is stated that the value of the brands was not reflected in the financial statements and in the equity values .This has led to the reconsideration of the intangible assets and the brands specifically. This fostered the proposition of of including such assets in the financial statements. However , the accounting profession does not fully supports the the idea that the intangible assets are the main factors in creating the value. On the contrary the investors and the trade leaders have acknowledged this truth. Furthermore, it is also quoted that 72% of the value was not reflected in the balance sheets of the companies surveyed in United Kingdom. Brands form the major part of the unexplained value that is not part of the balance sheet (Brand Finance plc , 2000). The Figure 1 shows the Gap between the market capitalisation and the net asset value. Why Intellectual Capital Upton(2001) reports that the companies under the scrutiny of the FASB Business Reporting Research Project provide considerable non- monetary information. Therefore it can be argued that the AICPA and FASB have been analysing the Intellectual Capital since 1991.The Intellectual Capital is considered endangered when the information of a company becomes obsolete when the competitor increases its information. Therefore the preservation of the Intellectual Capital is crucial for maintaining the competitive edge. However,the companies that are knowledge intensive are prone to risks of losing their market shares(MacDougall Hurst,2005).Guthrie(2000) suggests that ââ¬Å"Accountants must find a to incorporate measures of Intellectual Capital or they will become irrelevant ââ¬Å". Statement of Methodology The method used in the report is the study of the literature that is already present in the field of Intellectual Capital and the Accounting to support the arguments.After, the study necessary facts and evidences are combined to form the Literature Review of this report. This report does includes the collection of the primary data and its analysis. A case study is added to further enhance the understanding of the applications of IC in firms. Research Question The research question is ââ¬Å" Is the exclusion of Intellectual Assets from accounting statements realistics?â⬠The research question of this report is basically a debate that is going on in the academic, industrial and the business sector. This topic demands study to be commenced taking in account both the views of the implications of including or excluding the intellectual assets in the financial statements. Literature Review Definition of the Intellectual Capital The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and development (OECD , 1999) illustrated that the Intellectual Capital was the composition of the financial value of two classes of the intangible assets i.e Structural Capital Human Capital The structural Capital includes the organisational resources like the softwares, databases etc. The Human Capital however, contains the human resources employees (internally) , customers and suppliers(externally). The term Intellectual Capital is presumed as having the same meaning as the Intangible Asset. In contrast , the definition that is provided by the OECD(1999) puts the Intellect Capital as a subset of the intangible assets of an organisation. Because there are certain intangible assets that do not fall under the category of the Intellectual Capital. The repute of a firm is not considered as a part of the Intellectual Capital(Guthrie Petty , 2000). Stewart(1997) defines the Intellectual Capital as a ââ¬Å" Intellectual Material ââ¬Å" that Includes the knowledge , information , intellectual property , experience that can be used to generate wealth. Furthermore , Stewart (1997) categorises the intellectual capital in to structural , customer and the human capital. He argues that the human capital is the generator of the innovation and the improvement. The structural capital includes the tools and the facilities that are used the human capital to form value. Customer Capital includes the value that is produced as a consequence of the organisations relations with which performs the business transactions(Stewart , 1997). Intellectual Capital can also be defined as the combination of the human capital and the structural capital. The human capital includes the knowledge , skills and the experience of the employees. It is further argued that the human capital is not in the possession of the organisation as compared to the structural capital (Edvinsson Malone , 1997). Elements of the Intellectual Structural Capital Structural Capital is what is left behind in the organisation when the employees go home. The Structural Capital arises from the those organisational processes that are focusing on the improvement and the establishment of the organisation. (Roos et al , 1997). Bontis et al (1999) suggests that the structural capital includes the organisational resources that encompass the knowledge that is not actually stored in the human brains and whose value is greater than its physical value.These assets include databases , softwares , manuals , trademarks , leaseholds , franchises , patents , licenses , employee training , employee contracts etc. The structural capital plays an important role in the creation of the value. As it helps the human capital to explore new ideas , learn from the past experience and protects the knowledge and the new inventions by providing the technology and the legal aid. Customer Capital Kohli jaworski(2000) defined the customer capital as the organisations ability to evolve the knowledge about market that is focusing on the cutomer desires and perceptions. This acquired knowledge is used by the organisations in response to the changing attitudes of the customers and the market. Organisations use this knowledge to have a contingency plan to tackle the threats produced from changing market trends. The definition provided by Bontis(1999) suggests the customer capital should be iterated as the relational capital that includes the relationships with the suppliers, partners and the investors in addition to the relationship with the customers. Human Capital Hudson(1993) defined the human capital as the composition of the inheritance, qualifications , experience with the opinions about life and business. It is further argued that the organisational employees are the key architects of the Intellectual Capital through their proficiency , opinions and expertise. The competence of the employees includes skills and qualifications and their opinions come under their behaviour and perceptions about work. The expertise is important in devising the innovative solutions to the problems. Furthermore, employees are an important asset for an organisation but they are not owned assets(Roos et al , 1997). Exploitation Of Intellectual Capital (Economical Perspective) It is suggested that the critical factor in the improvement of the economy is the proper utilization of the Intellectual capital .It is further noted that by increasing the tricks of Intellectual Capital will provide a competitive edge and the value of the firm will be augmented and specifically business will bring financial benefits. It is not a new thing that the intangible assets like brands, intellectual property , relationships are considered as a unprocessed input for the organization that increases the worth by the application of intelligence in possession of the organization. (Watters et al 2006 , Intellectual Assets Center , Glasgow, Uk). The research on the recognition and reporting of the intangible assets and the intellectual capital has brought them to the acute attention.The research believes that the intangible assets play a significant role in the creation of endurable competitive advantage with in the advanced organsations.Due to the expansion of the modern knowledge based economy it has become transparent that the intangible assets and the Intellectual Capital of an organization have become a platform in accomplishing the competitive advantage as compared to the hi-tech tangible assets(Drew , 1999). Tayles et al (2005) have described two doctrines in the realization of the intangible assets that provide the assistance in the achievement of the competitive superiorty. The research is continuously striving to find the authentic procedures to measure the intangible assets and the indices that provide a forecast of the future economical benefits based upon the doctrines that are prescribed by Tayles et al (2005).Firstly , the expanding financial statements of the companies is the idiosyncracy of its Intellectual Capital that give the edge on the market competitors. Secondly, is the inefficient justification of the Intellectual Capital in the expansion of the economy(Tayles et al , 2005). Skinner (1986) purported that with the utilization of the technology, manufacturing productivity can be achieved by the intangible assets of the company which are the authentic reagents of the prosperity and that justify the monetary investment. How the Companies Exploit the Intellectual Capital Case Study Kingston Communications(Hull) Plc is group of companies based in Hull,United Kingdom. The groups is presently offering the services related to information, communication technology and the telecommunications to the consumer markets in UK. The groups Brands include Affiniti,Smart 421,Jam IP(Integration and management services),Karoo, Eclipse, Mistral (Internet and Telecommunication services) and Hull Color pages and Know( Information Services). The group is Ammortising the its Intangible Assets that aquired in the Acquisitions.In 2007,the ammortisation on intangibles was à ¢Ã¢â¬Å¡Ã ¤8 million(from Total depreciation and ammortisation).The group also has purchased the tangible and the Intangible assets worth à ¢Ã¢â¬Å¡Ã ¤30.2 million.The Groups Controlled measures include, measuring the learning and development(p9),Customer Satisfaction. KM also believes that Human Resources when managed through and effective Policy can bring the Tangible effect on the companys performance. KM is running a development program to enhance the Knowledge and Intelligence of the employees.The company also manages the Relational (Custmer) Capital by arranging the meetings of the Directors on the Investor relations and the shareholders concerns specifically. The Companyââ¬â¢s publishes its Financial Reports complying with the IFRS,however, the company also provides additional disclosures if compliance with the IFRS does not fullfil the requirements of the users(i.e External Stakeholders,External investors,Suppliers and the Customers) to understand the impact of certain transactions that have an effect on the financial performance of the company. Relational Capital Management and Policies Arranaging meetings with the shareholders time to time to discuss the companyââ¬â¢s strategies and performance.Maintaining a investors relations function to encourage and improve the communication with the investors. The Goodwill of the Company in 2007 was worth à ¢Ã¢â¬Å¡Ã ¤192.754 million(2006:à ¢Ã¢â¬Å¡Ã ¤155.551 million) and the Intangible Assets had the value of à ¢Ã¢â¬Å¡Ã ¤48.511 million (2006 : à ¢Ã¢â¬Å¡Ã ¤39.450) according to the Balance Sheet on 31st march,2007. The Cash Flow Statement of the Company for the year ended 31st march,2007 also explicitly show the Amounts of the Ammortisation of Intangibles as compared to the tangible fixed assets.The Cash Flow statement also show the companys procurement of the Intangible assets à ¢Ã¢â¬Å¡Ã ¤6.495 illion in 2007. The financial statements of the Company are prepared according to the principles prescribed by IFRS and IFRIC.These financial statements are based on the concept of historical Cost accounting.However, the statements are modified due to the revaluation of the financial assets to a fair value by using the income statement. Intangible Assets Identified by Kingston Communications The Intangible Assets of the Kingston Communication include: 1.) Goodwill 2.) Customer and Supplier Relationships 3.) Technology and Brands 4.) Software 5.) Development Goodwill The Groups Goodwill is reported in the acquisitions of the subsidiaries and it is the difference between the Cost of Acquisition and the Net Assets. The Goodwill is tested for impairment annually. Development The companyââ¬â¢s intangibe asset that is developed through the research and development activities only when it fulfils the criteria of Intangible Asset Recognition prescribed by IAS 38 i.e the asset is identifiable,impact on future cash flows and the developmental costs of the assets are measured reliably.The estimated life of the internally developed intangible asset is 1 year and is also ammortised on a straight line basis. Valuation of the Intangible Assets in Kingston Commnuications The intangible assets that are acquired through the acquisitions are valued on the basis of their time value and the future impact of on the performance of the companies. Appraisal of Intellectual Capital in Kingston Communications The Kingston Communication is exploiting,managing and reporting its Intellectual Capital as tool necessary for the competitive advantage and for improving the future performance of the company. According to the companies policy the Intangibles Assets are included in the Balance Sheets in order to satisfy its investors and guarantee the future investments in the company. However, there are no benchmarks for the management and the evaluation of the these Intangible assets.Also, the company is not using the models for the Classification of these Intangible assets as suggested by (Kingston Hull plc , 2008) Measuring the IC (Performance)through strategies(Management Accounting) Simons(1999) suggests that the by measuring the performance of a company is basically the comparison of the outcomes of the business activities with the critical business targets. The traditional financial accounting utilizes two techniques to measure the Performance .These are Return on Capital Employed(ROCE) and Return on Assets (ROA). However , these techniques are condemned due to the fact that they are old fashioned , unable measure the intangible assets and are unable to appraise the stakes in the technology which is essential for the firm to compete in the global market(Bourne et al , 2000; Amir Lev , 1996). Valuation Methodologies(Performance Measures as well) The economic measure of the Profit yields the same result as the traditional accounting during the matching phase of costs and revenues by preserving the value significance. This is done by improving the financial reports with the disclosure of the concealed assets like the intangible assets and the investments in the long run(Simons , 1990). (It includes the tools and various methodologies ) Watters et al(2006) have discussed the application of a Scorecard assessment tool in the Scottish SME that provides a review that how efficiently companies are exploiting their Intellectual assets.The tool helps the SMEs to manage three areas of operations i.e Sales and Marketing , Research and Development and Human Resources. It assign the scores to activities that come under the three operational areas according to their effectiveness and links them to the strategic objectives of the firms. (Appendix 1) Brand Finance plc(2000) suggests that there are a lot of methods present for the valuation of the Brands, however there is a need to find an optimal one. Cost based methods of brand valuations show a disparity from its market valuation. The Market Comparison method is not efficient as it is difficult to obtain the comparison data. Royalty Relief method determines the royalty rate on the estimates of the income generated from brands. However , this method does not clearly states that how a brand is going to create value. The Economic Use method combines the consumer and the competitor to entitle the value to the brand.The last method is the most optimal method which is the Brand Finance that uses the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) analysis in concluding the value for a brand.As the Discounted Cash Flow method valuation complies with the valuations performed by the financial analysts , accountants to check for the impairment of the intangible assets. Measurement of Intellectual Capital Why there is a need for the companies to measure the intellectual capital This is a very long debate that why companies need to measure the intellectual capital.There are several advantages of doing that. The term intellectual capital can be said to be ââ¬Å"expandableâ⬠in terms of the Value and rewards. The greater the effort of a company the greater is a competitive advantage and greater is sustainability of the company. Nowadays companies and the firms have become Knowledge aware i.e they have now recognized the importance of the of the knowledge that creates value and sustainability. The Companies working in the Telecommunication, Pharmaceutical and the research technology sector specifically have to invest a lot in the Research and Development to compete and develop the innovative solutions to avail the opportunities in the market.Therefore, there is a strong need for these companies to devote themselves to measure and manage their intellectual capital effectively. However, it is very difficult to justify the investments in digging out the knowledge that creates value .These investments are rather very complex and unpredictable even if they are tested and analysed by the efficient tools for their proficiency. Some Organisations that are knowledge based are sometimes not sure about the amount of the Knowledge they have and the amount of knowledge they need tocarry out their functions internally and externally. That is the reason, these organizations loose the interest of the investors and therefore the investment. Balanced Scorecard (An Alternative to Balance Sheets) Kaplan Norton(1992) , presented the theory of the Balanced Scorecard for improving and tracking down the performance of an organisation. The authors suggest four dimensions such as Financial , Customer , internal business process and learning and growth. These dimensions are believed to provide a insight in to the current performance and identify the factors that can improve the future performance. A combination of the non-financial and financial measures are insufficient in determining the performance of an organisation. The main problem is that its just like a Wild Goose Chase as this amalgam of the performance indicators are not pursuing a specific business objective. Kaplan Norton(1996) believe that the both the financial and the non- financial measures must have a focus on a goal that has to be achieved in maintaining the sustainability. The authors further argue that the various measures provided by the balanced scorecard can help the organisation to plan a particular strategy and then can implement it across its subsidiaries, departments to share a common motive with trasnparency. A well planned BSC can hep the organisation to learn from the short-term reports that are generated and scrutinized through various perspectives. Andriessen(2004) suggests that the predicament of measuring the Intellectual Capital can be resolved by applying the balanced scorecard. It has been advised that the specified strategy plans can be created that guide the organisations to confidently invest in the human resources, technology and the structural capital. It is further revealed that by measuring and administering the intellectual capital can also help the organisation to convert its non-monetary achievements in to monetary achievements(Kaplan Norton , 2004). A study conducted by Hagood Friedman(2002) devised a way for the implementation of the balanced scorecard to measure the accomplishments of the human resource information system of a company. They have developed a system that uses the balanced scorecard as its foundation to improve the human resource information system in association with highlighting the goals and objectives of the organisation. Despite of its usefulness the Balanced Scorecard has some limitations. In this context Voelpel et al (2006) has identified five limitations of the balanced scorecard in its application in the modern economy. First being its inflexibility that is, it measures the performance of a company only in four perspectives by leaving behind some other perspectives out of attention. Voelpel et al(2006 ) explain the second limitation which is that the BSC is less efficient in accommodating the changes in the changing economy. The BSC a defines a strategy for a company and its subsidiaries to achieve a goal by neglecting the individual goals of a subsidiary as a consequence a company is unable to use its potential properly. The third one is that BSC focuses more on improving the internal performance of an organisation therefore by losing a link with the external world to exploit the innovation.The forth limitation of a BSC is that it focuses on the organisation in itself and provides no information about the actions of competitors. The fifth problem with the balance scorecard is that it goes straight in measuring the performance in a rational way .As a consequence the more complex predicaments are difficult to apprehend(Voelpel et al , 2006). A Comparison between the benefits that arise from intangible and tangible assets There are risks involved with the investment in the intangible assets like RD. Kothari et al(1998) have conducted a research by comparing the uncertainty of benefits associated with the tangibles and the intangibles assets. The methodology used for this research was the regression analysis of the future earnings variability involved with the expenditure in Research and Development and the tangible assets .Furthermore , the variables like firm size and the leverage are also used to define the boundary of a research.It has been illustrated by Kothari et al (1998) that the future benefits of RD investment are more uncertain than the tangible assets. Shi(2003) has analysed and studied the relationship of bond prices and the measures of RD expenditures and suggest that there is a fair risk involved with the spending of the RD projects that increases risk factor with the bondholders claims and hence are more riskier than the other projects. Issues in Intellectual Capital(Flaws in the IC Concepts) Bontis (2001) discovered a predicament with the intangibles assets is that there is no unique conception that is accepted by everyone. Every investigator or a consultant who contributes to the debate expects the approval and recommends his own jargon. Various other researchers have pointed out flaws in the definitions of the Intellectual Capital. According to Edvinsson and Malone(1997) the intellectual capital was the difference of Market value and the Book value. In contrast Upton(2001) recommends that the intellectual capital cannot be absolutely characterized by simply calculating the difference of market and book value. Following that Habersam and Piber(2003) advocate that the term intellectual capital cannot be determined by the difference of market value and the book value. Pragmatically, the difference can be influenced by some other elements that are not associated with the intangibles.Further research enumerates five components that can realize a change in the the stock prices which incorporates the recognised assets , company liabilities , legal events , shareholders equity and the timing issues(Garcia-Ayuso 2003). The benefits received by a firm cannot be attributed to the individual intangible Assets as such benefits are a result from the inter-cooperation of more than one Intangible asset. Therefore, it could be wise to value the intangible assets all together. It is further argued that the market value of a firm cannot be ascribed to the intangible asset Davis Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17962946375282893016noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-336373014934623662.post-84792125335668778492020-01-18T20:49:00.001-08:002020-01-18T20:49:03.742-08:00Clothes of the future EssayWith this new time and age of technological advancements, the manufacturing of smart clothes has brought about a textile revolution. This involves the integration of electronic components and Nano-technology within fabrics and fibres resulting in the birth of intelligent fabrics possessing specific properties. Smart materials are capable of ââ¬Ëthinkingââ¬â¢ and ââ¬Ëactingââ¬â¢ by sensing the conditions of the immediate environment. These are sensitive to the wearerââ¬â¢s body conditions (sweating & trembling), temperature requirements & stability and their movements. Classification of Smart Textiles: Passive Smart Textiles- These can only sense the environment conditions or stimuli, and hence are also known as 1st Generation Smart Textiles. Active Smart Textiles-These 2nd Generation Smart Textiles have both sensors and actuators. The actuators act upon the signal or stimuli detected either directly or from a central control unit. They are chameleonic, water resistant, shape memory, vapor absorbing, heat evolving fabrics or electrically heated suits. Ultra Smart Textiles- These are the 3rd Generation very Smart Textiles which can sense, react, and adopt themselves to the environment conditions and stimuli. Applications of Smart Textile can be very interesting to know. The usage of Smart textiles range from protective wear, sports, medical and fashion to clothes having anti stress properties. Functional Textilesâ⬠are designed to serve a specific purpose having added features. Therefore, we now have fabrics that protect against U.V Radiation and anti-bacterial products. Fibres designed with moisture management systems help in quick evaporation of sweat & perspiration. Similarly, there are Reflective Textiles used for preparing safety garments. Some interesting examples of such extraordinary Functional Textiles used today are: The jacket that can see: This technology boasts the development of GPSoverIP Jacket which has an inbuilt mobile phone, an mp3 player at the same time containing features for locating people. The person wearing this jacket can be easily located within buildings with itsââ¬â¢ inbuilt tracking system that works just like a GPS. The Smart Bra: Developed by Wallace et al at the University of Wollongong, the Smart Bra can change its properties according to the breast movement, i.e. it can tighten, loosen the straps,à stiffen or relax itsââ¬â¢ cups to adjust the breast motion, preventing breast pain and sag. This bra is essentially useful for women who are active in sports. Fitness component inside sports underwear: This technology, again is very useful for athletes as it incorporates ââ¬Ëbeat clipââ¬â¢ i.e., a fitness component with a mobile radio connection sewn into sports underwear. It then displays on a mobile phone, the wearersââ¬â¢ fitness conditions such as heart rate signals. Fabric protection against mobile phone radiation: a German engineered fabric using special yarns called ââ¬ËeBlockerââ¬â¢ is being incorporated into the inner pockets of jackets, which absorbs almost 100% of radiation emanating from mobile phones without affecting the functioning of the mobile phone in any way. Sensory baby vest: A team of researchers have improvised a special vest for babies .This special vest has sensors attached to it that help in constant monitoring of the babyââ¬â¢sââ¬â¢ vital organs such as heart, lungs ,skin and at the same time detects body temperature. The sensors are attached such that they, in no way, disturb the baby while it is asleep. Light Emitting: Luminex is a new fabric (non reflective) that can emit light. They are optical capable of illuminating themselves in darkened situations. Developing Future U.S. Soldier Uniforms: DuPont in alliance with Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) attempts to develop materials that would help equip the U.S. soldier of the future with uniforms and gear that keep them safe them against chemical and biological warfare. Engineers and scientists are working to develop ideas such as a uniform that is almost invisible and soft clothing that can become a rigid cast when a soldier breaks his or her leg. Fibres That Can Change Colour and Shape on Command: Smart fibres can function as conductive ââ¬Å"wiresâ⬠and react to signals from electricity, heat or pressure. Researchers are experimenting with different fibre profiles ââ¬â of various shapes ââ¬â that can be made to contract or expand to loosen and tighten clothing to make the wearer warmer or cooler. For example, conductive fibres could change colour on command from an electric signal that changes the reflective quality of specially dyed fibre/cloth Emitting Scents: The Smart Second Skin Dress ââ¬â emitting scents depending on your mood and requirements. One such invention is the ââ¬ËSleep Suitââ¬â¢ which gives out the scent of lavender for insomniacs when they wake to calm the wearer and send them back to sleep. One can manage music and mobile phone from a control panel, with backlit digital display, located externally onà your sleeve. Fashion is moving forwardâ⬠¦and so is technology. As computers keep getting smaller, it enables us to incorporate miniaturised hi-tech components into clothes and shoes. Textile manufacturers have to redefine ââ¬Ëfunctionalityââ¬â¢ and move beyond the historical focus of protection and appearance and find their way onto the high street renamed as ââ¬ËWarp Wearââ¬â¢, ââ¬ËSmart Clothesââ¬â¢ and ââ¬ËE-textilesââ¬â¢. Davis Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17962946375282893016noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-336373014934623662.post-22406094379613913552020-01-10T17:12:00.001-08:002020-01-10T17:12:06.077-08:00Li-Fi Technology EssayI. Introduction Li-Fi or Light Fidelity is a technology that uses light emitting diodes to transmit data wirelessly. It was first demonstrated at a TED talk in 2011 by German physicist Harald Haas. This is a free band that does not need any license. Hence it is cheaper than Wi-FI. Wi-Fi, is a popular technology that allows an electronic device to exchange data or connect to the internetà wirelessly using radio waves the visible light spectrum is larger than the radio spectrum which provides better flexibility in its use. Communications over a very high speed with a theoretical limit of 10 GB per second. The technology is capable of transferring thousands of streams of data simultaneously, in parallel, at higher speeds, with the help of special modulation, using a unique signal processing technology. The term Li-Fi was first used in this context by Harald Haas in his TED Global talk on Visible Light Communication. ââ¬Å"At the heart of this technology is a new generation of high brightness light-e mitting diodesâ⬠, says Harald Haas from the University of Edinburgh, UK,â⬠Very simply, if the LED is on, you transmit a digital 1, if itââ¬â¢s off you transmit a 0,â⬠Haas says, ââ¬Å"They can be switched on and off very quickly, which gives nice opportunities for transmitted dataâ⬠. Fig.1 Harald Haas It is possible to encode data in the light by varying the rate at which the LEDs flicker on and off to give different strings of 1s and 0s.The LED intensity is modulated so rapidly that human eye cannot notice, so the output appears constant. With the use of light radiating diodes Li-Fi technology transfers data through wireless. Li-Fi is a new exemplar for photosensitive wireless technology to provide unprecedented connectivity within a localized data centric environment. There has been a complete shift in wireless technology due to increase demand Li-Fi is such a free band which is license free that is why it is less at cost than Wi-Fi. With the use of special intonation using a distinctive signal processing technology thousands of streams of data can be transferred simultaneously at higher speed. Li- Fi is useful in aircraft because the lights present above head can be used for data transmission. It is useful in controlling traffic at traffic signals as it communicates with LED li ghts of cars. Where there is difficult to amateur optical fibers LI-Fi is used. The new Li-Fi technology can be well managed very easily and it is pretty simple. At one corner you will be having a led which will be working as a light source and on the other corner a Light Sensor or a photo detector. Light Sensor detect light as soon as the LED light starts glowing and will give an output of either binary1 or binary0. [pic] Fig.2 Li-Fi Environment If the LED is on, you transmit a digital 1, if itââ¬â¢s off you transmit a 0. What is VLC? Visible light communication (VLC)-ââ¬Å"A potential solution to the global wireless spectrum shortageâ⬠Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) is a fast and cheap optical version of Wi-Fi, the technology of which is based on Visible Light Communication (VLC).VLC is a data communication medium, which uses visible light between 400 THz (780 nm) and 800 THz (375 nm) as optical carrier for data transmission and illumination. It uses fast pulses of light to transmit information wirelessly. Li-Fi Technology at a Glance! The LED bulb will hold a micro-chip that will do the job of processing the data. The light intensity can be manipulated to send data by tiny changes in amplitude. This technology uses visible spectrum of light, a part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is still not greatly utilized. In fact the technology transfers thousands of streams of data simultaneously, in parallel, in higher speeds with the help of special modulation, using a unique signal processing technology. Some Points of Li-Fi The light used to transmit the data is called D-light by Harald Hass, the inventor of Li-Fi. In future data for laptops, Smartphoneââ¬â¢s, and tablets can be transmitted through the light in a room by using Li-Fi. Security would be a snapââ¬âif you canââ¬â¢t see the light, you canââ¬â¢t access the data. II. CONSTRUCTION The LI-FI product consists of 4 primary sub-assemblies: â⬠¢ Bulb â⬠¢ RF power amplifier circuit (PA) â⬠¢ Printed circuit board (PCB) â⬠¢ Enclosure The PCB controls the electrical inputs and outputs of the lamp and houses the microcontroller used to manage different lamp functions. An RF (radio-frequency) signal is generated by the solid-state PA and is guided into an electric field about the bulb. The high concentration of energy in the electric field vaporizes the contents of the bulb to a plasma state at the bulbââ¬â¢s center; this controlled plasma generates an intense source of light. All of these subassemblies are contained in an aluminum enclosure â⬠¢ FUNCTION OF THE BULB:- At the heart of LI-FI is the bulb sub-assembly where a sealed bulb is embedded in a dielectric material. This design is more reliable than conventional light sources that insert degradable electrodes into the bulb. The dielectric material serves two purposes; first as a waveguide for the RF energy transmitted by the PA and second as an electric field concentrator that focuses energy in the bulb. The energy from the electric field rapidly heats the material in the bulb to a plasma state that emits light of high intensity and full spectrum. The design and construction of the LI-FI light source enable efficiency, long stable life, and full spectrum intensity that is digitally controlled and easy to use. ââ¬Å"There are over 14 billion light bulbs worldwide, they just need to be replaced with LED ones that transmit dataâ⬠. III. HOW LI-FI WORKS? [pic] Fig. 3 block diagram of Li-fi communication In order to know the working of Li-fi we need to know the necessity for Li-fi .With the vast development in living the use of gadgets and invention of new gadgets is increasing which lead to the technological developments. There are many situations in which people get frustrated with the dull performance signals of Wi-Fi at a place with many network connections in seminars conferences etc. Li fi fulfils these needs .this fantabulous idea firstà striked the mind of Harald Haas from University of Edinburgh, UK, in his TED Global talk on VLC.His idea was very simple that if the LED is ââ¬Å"onâ⬠then the digital 1 can be transmitted and if the LED is offâ⬠then the digital 0 can be transmitted. LEDââ¬â¢s can be switched on and off very quick. For transmitting data this way all that we require is LEDââ¬â¢s and controller that code data into Ledââ¬â¢s. Parallel data transmission can be done by using array of LEDââ¬â¢s or by using red, green, blue LEDââ¬â¢s to a lter light frequency with the frequency of different data channel. Advancements and enhancements in this field generate a speed of 10 gbps! But amazingly fast data rates and lowering band widths are not the only reasons that enhance this technology. Li-fi usually is based on light and so it can be probably implemented in aircrafts and hospitals that are prone to inference from radio waves .Unlike Wi-Fi, Li-Fi can work even under-water which makes it more advantageous for military operations. Radio waves are replaced by light waves in data transmission called Li- Fi. Light emitting diodes can be switched on and off very much faster than the human eye allowing the light source to appear continuously. The data transmission is done through binary codes which involve switching on LED can be done by logic 1 and switch off using logic 0.The encoding of information in light can therefore be identified by varying the rate at which the LEDââ¬â¢s flicker on and off to give strings of 0ââ¬â¢s and 1ââ¬â¢s.visible light communication is this method of using rapid pulses of light to transmit information wirelessly. To further get a grasp of Li-Fi consider an IR remote. It sends a single data stream of bits at the rate of 10,000-20,000 bps. Now replace the IR LED with a Light Box containing a large LED array. This system is capable of sending thousands of such streams at very fast rate. Light is inherently safe and can be used in places where radio frequency communication is often deemed problematic, such as in aircraft cabins or hospitals. So visible light communication not only has the potential to solve the problem of lack of spectrum space, but can also enable novel application. T he visible light spectrum is unused; itââ¬â¢s not regulated, and can be used for communication at very high speeds. IV. COMPARISON BETWEEN LI-FI & WI-FI LI-FI is a term of one used to describe visible light communication technology applied to high speed wireless communication. It acquired this name due to the similarity to WI-FI, only using light instead of radio. Li-Fi technology is based on LEDs for the transfer of data. The transfer of the data can be with the help of all kind of light i.e. Light may be Invisible, Ultraviolet or Visible part of spectrum. The speed of the internet is incredibly high and the user everything in just a few minutes. V. ADVANTAGES â⬠¢ Capacity â⬠¢ Availability â⬠¢ Efficiency â⬠¢ High Security â⬠¢ Easy To Use â⬠¢ Fast Data Transfer â⬠¢ Harmlessness â⬠¢ Low-cost VI. DISADVANTAGES: Still there are some backdrops like it can only transmit When in the line of sight well it can be sorted â⬠Visible-light communication: Tripping the light Fantastic: A fast and cheap optical version of Wi-Fi is comingâ⬠, Economist, dated 28Jan 2012 out someday I hope. ââ¬Å"There has been a lot of early hype, and there are some very good applicationsâ⬠. VII. APPLICATIONS 1. Education systems As with the advancement of science the latest technology is the LIFI which is the fastest speed internet access service. So this will leads to the replacement of WIFI at institutions and at companies so that all the people can make use of LIFI with same speed intended in a particular area. 2. Extends our life span As operation theatres do not allow WIFI due to radiation concerns. Usage of WI-FI at hospitals interferes with the mobile and pc which blocks the signals for monitoring equipments. Therefore the replacement for this Wi-Fi is Li-Fi as Hass has mentioned in his TED TALK that LIFI has 10,000 times the spectrum of Wi-Fi. Because the lights are not only al-lowed in operation theatres but also the most dazzling fixtures in the room. 3. Reduction in accident numbers At traffic signals, we can use LIFI in order to communicate with LED lights of the cars by the number of accidents can be reduced. Data can be easily transferred by making use of LIFI lamps with the street lamps. 4. Replacement for others technologies This technology doesnââ¬â¢t deal with radio waves, so it can easily be used in the places where Bluetooth, infrared, WIFI and Internet are banned. In this way, it will be most helpful transferring medium for us. It includes other benefits like: â⬠¢ *A very wide spectrum over visible wave length range. â⬠¢ * Extremely high colour fidelity. â⬠¢ *Instant start time. â⬠¢ *Easy terminal Management. â⬠¢ *Dynamic dark i.e. brightness Modulation of lamp output to enhance video contrast. â⬠¢ *Trouble-free integration into existing light engine platform. â⬠¢ Li-Fi is the upcoming and on growing technology acting as competent for various other developing and already invented technologies. Since light is d major source for transmission in this technology it is very advantageous and implementable in various fields that canââ¬â¢t be done with the Wi-Fi and other technologies. Hence the future applications of the Li-Fi can be predicted and extended to different platforms like education fields, medical field, industrial areas and many other fields. VIII. CONCLUSION The possibilities are numerous and can be explored further. If this technology can be put into practical use, every bulb can be used something like a Wi-Fi hotspot toà transmit wireless data and we will proceed toward theà cleaner, greener, safer and brighter future. The concept of Li-Fi is currently attracting a great deal of interest not least because it may offer a genuine and very efficient alternative to radio-based wireless. As a growing number of people and their many devices access wireless internet, the airwaves are becoming increasingly clogged, making it more and more difficult to get a reliable, high-speed signal. This may solve issues such as the shortage of radio-frequency bandwidth and also allow internet where traditional radio based wireless is not allowed such as aircraft or hospitals. One of the shortcomings however is that it only work in direct line of sight. CONCLUDING REMARKS: â⬠¢ Overcomes the limitations of radio spectrum â⬠¢ High speed of 10 Gbps can be achieved â⬠¢ Lifi can solve the foressential problems of wireless communications these days IX. REFERENCE 1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li-Fi 2. http://gimt.edu.in/clientFiles/FILE_REPO/2012/NOV/23/1353645362045/69.pdf 3. http://www.collegelib.com/t-li-fi-technology-seminar-report-abstract.htmlà 4. the-gadgeteer.com/2011/08/29/Li-Fi-internet-at-the speed- of-light/ 5. http://the-gadgeteer.com/2011/08/29/li-fi-internet-at-the-speed-of-light/ 6. http://www.oledcom.com/FR/Press%20release%20MWC2013.pdf 7. ill Li-Fi be the new Wi-Fi?, New Scientist, by Jamie Condliffe, dated 28 July 2011. 8. http://www.eiccit.org/Proceedings/LI-FI%20the%20Latest%20Technology%20in%20Wireless.pdf 9. â⬠Visible-light communication: Tripping the light fantastic: A fast and cheap optical version of Wi-Fi is comingâ⬠, Economist, dated 28Jan 2012 10. http://www.digplanet.com/wiki/Li-Fi Davis Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17962946375282893016noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-336373014934623662.post-47477334523089153652020-01-02T13:36:00.001-08:002020-01-02T13:36:03.467-08:00The Beliefs And Achievements Of Nelson Mandela And... Sara Peterson Mr. Heitman Global II May 28, 2016 The beliefs and achievements of Nelson Mandela and Mohandas Gandhi have made positive impacts on society throughout global history. They both helped people fight the restrictions against them in order to earn what they deserved; freedom. Mandela never stopped helping people achieve equal rights. Gandhi saw people were being mistreated so he took action by boycotting. Both men fought hard to earn the rights that people sill currently have today. In the 1960s, one of Sharpevilleââ¬â¢s leaders, Nelson Mandela was put in prison for conspiracy. Despite the fact that he was in jail, he continued to lead South Africans against the apartheid government for 27 years. They wanted to rid of passbooks and the fact that if you didnââ¬â¢t carry your with you that you would be beaten or killed. The people of South Africa deserved equal rights; not segregation. Separate facilities was unnecessary and also unfair. Nelson was imprisoned in October of 1962 for treason. People from all over the w orld demanded that he be freed. By the time the 1980s rolled around, the U.S. and the U.K. were strongly pressuring South Africa to set Nelson free and demolish apartheid government. To increase the pressure, people started boycotting buying South African goods. In 1989 the new president of South Africa, known as F.W. de Klerk, rid of the racial segregation. Then, soon enough Nelson Mandela was released from prison in the year of 1990. So Nelson and de KlerkShow MoreRelatedLeadership Styles : Nelson Mandela And Mahatma Gandhi s Peace Movement1209 Words à |à 5 Pagesleadership styles offers a foundation and direction that can be used in future conflicts to evolve positive change. Nelson Mandela and Mahatma Gandhi exemplified to the world that when disharmony shows its ugly face, there can be other ways to fight for change. 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BecauseRead MoreSummary of Ghandi the Movie6362 Words à |à 26 PagesGandhi was a small Indian man that faced the British Empires policies of injustice, discrimination, and colonial control without using a single punch or bullet, or in any way using violence as a weapon. The fact that he defeated the British Empire by winning Indian Independence is considered as testimony that Gandhi should be given the status of being remembered as a ââ¬Ëgreat manââ¬â¢ in history. Gandhi began his work against the injustices of the British Empire when he was still a young man in SouthRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words à |à 656 Pagesevolution and natural selection. Although the Christian religion was believed to be a sign of civilizational advance, the ââ¬Å"scientificâ⬠statements of Darwin that darker races and women were less highly evolved determined both attitudes and policy. These beliefs justified sexual aggression and other abuses of all women, and women of color and those in the colonies were especially exploited. The plight of ordinary women of color under colonialism was generally forced labor, prostitution, and relegationRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words à |à 658 Pagesto modern AIDS therapies reached crisis point. When the South African government proposed legislation to allow generic imports of branded drugs, a coalition of 39 ï ¬ rms took legal action. Given the tragic AIDS epidemic and the saintly ï ¬ gure of Nelson Mandela, this was not the best example of industry public relations. The CEO of GlaxoSmithKline, Jean Paul Garnier, helped negotiate the industry out of the court case and established clear principles of operation, adopted by many companies. They would Davis Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17962946375282893016noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-336373014934623662.post-49174288597096018002019-12-25T10:03:00.001-08:002019-12-25T10:03:03.536-08:00Synthesis Essay The Ohio State University - 1021 Words Synthesis Essay: Jim Tressel MSgt Greg Frank Air Force Senior Noncommissioned Officer Academy Jim Tressel The Ohio State University is home to one of the best college football teams in America. The university has a rich history where several famous players and coaches have emerged. One famous coach in particular is Jim Tressel, who coached at Ohio State from 2001 until 2011. During his tenure, he had a winning record that came to an abrupt end as a result of multiple ethics violations. Tresselââ¬â¢s full range leadership, critical thinking, team dynamics and ethical behaviors will be examined in this thesis. Based on the information found in the study guides, Tressel is a visionary leader who was not ethical. Despite a lapse in ethics, he led the Buckeyes for nearly a decade with a vision to win, and he did just that. Visionary Leader Using the Full Range Leadership and Team Dynamics lessons, itââ¬â¢s easy to see why Tressel is a visionary leader. He took over for the Buckeyes after a loosing season and multiple losses to Michigan. In the land of Buck-nuts, winning on Saturday after Thanksgiving against Michigan is the most important game of the year. According to the Barnes Center for Enlisted Education, Team Dynamics, mission effectiveness is defined as ââ¬Å"when the team process is executed effectively, a team can be used to pool the ideas and experiences of its members in search for a collective outcome.â⬠(BCEE, 2016d) Tressel not only took a loosingShow MoreRelatedHow Writing Is A Skill That Anyone Can Be Good1161 Words à |à 5 Pagesstyles. Our diction became advanced and eloquent. Utilizing syntax gave essays and papers a new suave in transitioning. We all had experience in writing into each type of genre and essays. Argumentative, synthesis, document-based, and persuasive essays became longer and longer. The motivation to enter college taught us that writing was not a joke anymore but a way to express who we are with a short 500 word essay. Each essay used our knowledge and experiences throughout our lives, it showed all thatRead MoreSynthesis Essay : Joseph Vincent Paterno1407 Words à |à 6 Pages Synthesis Essay ââ¬â Joseph Vincent Paterno MSgt Allen W. Hewitt Air Force Senior Noncommissioned Officer Academy September 10, 2014 Instructor: MSgt Travis Pyle Joe Paterno Picture this, walking down a tunnel into a stadium with 106,000 fans screaming we are PENN STATE! Joe Paterno lived this every Saturday for 46 years. Joseph Vincent Paterno was born 21 December 1926 in Brooklyn, NY. He attended Brown University where he majored in law, while playingRead MoreStatement of Purpose23848 Words à |à 96 PagesOhio Wesleyan Writing Center Founded University Promoting1955 as a hallmark of liberal arts education writing Writing Guidelines Statements of Purpose From the OWU Writing Center in the Sagan Academic Resource Center The OWU Writing Center Corns 316 ââ" ª (740-368-3925) ââ" ª http://writing.owu.edu ââ" ª open Monday-Friday, 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Ohio Wesleyan University Writing Center à © 2011 Writing Guidelines for Statements of Purpose Contents Writing Your Statement of Purpose ..........Read More Dorothy L. Sayersââ¬â¢ Gaudy Night Essay5682 Words à |à 23 PagesGaudy, a kind of college reunion.à While at the Gaudy, Harriet discovers disturbing notes on two occasions.à Not giving the occurrence much thought, Harriet returns home.à Later, Harriet receives an invitation from Shrewsbury College, part of Oxford University.à The Senior Common Room members explain that a series of poltergeist-like occurrences have threatened the reputation of the college.à The dons (teachers) ask Harriet for her help in stopping the poison pen and in keeping the whole ordeal a secretRead More Colombian Democracy Essay5929 Words à |à 24 PagesClientelism (1995), Laurence Whiteheadââ¬â¢s, ââ¬Å"Reformsâ⬠(2001), Fernando Cepeda Ulloaââ¬â¢s, ââ¬Å"Colombia: The Governability Crisis,â⬠(2003), Nazih Richaniââ¬â¢s, Systems of Violence: The Political Economy of War and Peace in Colombia (2002), and Ricardo Va rgasââ¬â¢s, ââ¬Å"State, Espirit Mafioso, and Armed Conflict in Colombia,â⬠(2004), I find a blank middle space between security and democracy approaches that renders either narrative inadequate. This void needs filling in to make intelligible the contradictions mediatingRead MoreOrganizational Behaviour Analysis28615 Words à |à 115 PagesORGANISATIONAL ANALYSIS: Notes and essays for the workshop to be held on 15th - 16th Novemeber 2007 at The Marriot Hotel Slough Berkshire SL3 8PT Dr. Lesley Prince, C.Psychol., AFBPsS University of Birmingham November 2007 à © Dr. Lesley Prince 2007. Organisational Analysis: Notes and Essays Page i Page ii Please do not attempt to eat these notes. CONTENTS Introduction to the Workshop Topics And Themes The Nature and Scope of Organisation Theory Levels of Analysis The MetaphoricalRead MoreMasculinity in the Philippines12625 Words à |à 51 Pagesphilippine studies Ateneo de Manila University â⬠¢ Loyola Heights, Quezon City â⬠¢ 1108 Philippines Philippine Commonwealth and Cult of Masculinity Alfred W. Mccoy Philippine Studies vol. 48, no. 3 (2000): 315ââ¬â346 Copyright à © Ateneo de Manila University Philippine Studies is published by the Ateneo de Manila University. Contents may not be copied or sent via email or other means to multiple sites and posted to a listserv without the copyright holderââ¬â¢s written permission. Users may download and printRead More8 stages of social development6628 Words à |à 27 Pagesthey are core adaptive intelligences that ebb and flow, progress and regress, with the capacity to lay on new levels of complexity (value systems) when conditions warrant. Much like an onion, they form layers on layers on layers. There is no final state, no ultimate destination, no utopian paradise. Each stage is but a prelude to the next, then the next, then the next. Each emerging social stage or cultural wave contains a more expansive horizon, a more complex organizing principle, with newly calibratedRead MoreCsr Theories13535 Words à |à 55 Pagesdimensions related to Elisabet Garriga is a PhD student in Management at IESE Business School, University of Navarra, Spain. She holds a degree in Philosophy and another in Economics from the University of Barcelona, Spain. She has taught Business Ethics at the University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, for the International Education of Students (IES), a consortium comprised of more than 120 leading US colleges and universities. Her current research focuses on the concept and implementation of Corporate Social ResponsibilitiesRead MoreInformation Technology Implementation Issues: an Analysis45771 Words à |à 184 PagesInformation Technology Implementation Issues: An Analysis Suzanne Beaumaster Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Public Administration and Public Policy John W. Dickey, Chair Larkin Dudley Joseph Rees J. Michael Thomson Gary Wamsley March 24, 1999 Blacksburg, Virginia Copyright 1999, Suzanne Beaumaster Information Technology Implementation Davis Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17962946375282893016noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-336373014934623662.post-64340835395663656762019-12-17T05:53:00.001-08:002019-12-17T05:53:03.234-08:00The War On Drugs A New Us National Security Doctrine The enlargement of the concept of security has meant that other issues, additional to ones outlined by the traditional definition, are included in itââ¬â¢s conceptualization. This means that the concept of security has grown to include environmental, economic, and social issues of security which have a big effect on how security is understood in general. Within the domain of social issues, they can be further broken down to include things like the war on drugs, which as a social issue has had a unique effect on the security agenda of states. The modern war on drugs began in the 1970ââ¬â¢s when Nixon declared it a nation wide problem and began to focus on both the supply and demand aspects of drug use. As a geo-political problem the war on drugs can be explained in two ways. The first way, as outlined in Waltraud Moralesââ¬â¢s article The War on Drugs: a New US National Security Doctrine? explores how the United States uses the war on drugs as a front, but the reality of thei r ââ¬Ëwarââ¬Ë is to continue the sphere of influence in their national security doctrines that was present in the era of communism. According to Morales ââ¬Å"anticommunism has functioned as an ideology and a secular region which has legitimized both legal and illegal, moral and immoral acts of foreign policy in the cause of national survival - the protection of democracy and the American way of lifeâ⬠(147), but since the anticommunism discourse has lost traction in recent years, especially since the end of the cold war,Show MoreRelatedThe Legacy of Ronald Reagan1004 Words à |à 5 PagesIran-Contra Affair, which will forever be tied to his name in a negative regard. Within America, Reagan was able to improve society such as his success in curbing the use of illegal drugs. Ronald Reagan is often times cited as the best president the United States has ever had, due to his relentless attacks on communism and illegal drug use in America, even with his involvement in the I ran-Contra Affair. Ronald Reagan was tremendously successful in his pursuit to end communism around the world, and toRead MoreEssay on Freedom of the Press1133 Words à |à 5 PagesSamuel Adams, a radical used the colonial press to resist the Stamp Act and repeal it. He succeeded and soon after the Stamp Act was repealed. After the repeal Adams wrote in the press, ââ¬Å"But YOUR Press has sounded the alarm. YOUR Press has spoken to us the words of truth. It has pointed to this people their danger and their remedy. It has set before them liberty and slaveryâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ (Illinoisfirstamendmentcenter.com). This showed that Adams was proud of what he accomplished but also saw the power of theRead MoreComparing The 1971 White Paper On Defence And The 2008 Canada First Defence Strategy990 Words à |à 4 Pagesgreatest allies, the alliances Canada supported, and Canadaââ¬â¢s security and defence priorities in the 1970s and under the Canada First Defence Strategy (CFDS). As this paper will demonstrat e, the key differences witnessed in the 1971 White Paper on Defence and in the 2008 Canada First Defence Strategy is in terms of the specificities of the foreign and defence policy presented, the perceived types of threats to national and international security, and the Canadian Forcesââ¬â¢ capability to respond to such majorRead MorePresident Franklin Roosevelt And The United States1699 Words à |à 7 PagesAdministration was criticized for armed intervention in Latin America. The Hoover Administrationââ¬â¢s policies were created to strengthen relations with Latin America; for instance the retraction of the Theodore Rooseveltââ¬â¢s Corollary to the 1823 Monroe Doctrine that stated only the U.S. could gather debts owned by foreigners to countries in the Western hemisphere. It took President Franklin Roosevelt and his administration over 10 years to achieve many of the original Good Neighbor Policy. Roosevelt hadRead MoreAnalysis of Naomi Kleinââ¬â¢s book, The Shock Doct rine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism1683 Words à |à 7 PagesThe term the Shock Doctrine was created by journalist Naomi Klein in her book The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism which refers to the idea that economic liberalists formed an entire industry take advantage of disasters such as natural disasters or military coups and privatize everything they can get their hands on. The name of this industry is the Disaster Capitalism Complex and it is comprised of the corporations and organizations that see recently shocked areas as ripe for the emplacementRead More The US War on Drugs in Latin America Essay3424 Words à |à 14 PagesThe US War on Drugs in Latin America Introduction The United States has a long history of intervention in the affairs of one itââ¬â¢s southern neighbor, Latin America. The war on drugs has been no exception. An investigation of US relations with Latin America in the period from 1820 to 1960, reveals the war on drugs to be a convenient extension of an almost 200 year-old policy. This investigation focuses on the commercial and political objectives of the US in fighting a war on drugs in LatinRead MoreThe Changes Our Country Has Gone through After 9-111591 Words à |à 6 Pagescannot walk near an airport without seeing security that just didnââ¬â¢t exist before 9/11. I can recall being able to walk all the way to the gate to escort a friend or family member even though I was not flying with them, but that ended very quickly. Of course there were ID checks and metal detectors to go through security, but nowhere near the hassle that it has become today. Congress and President Bush felt something had to be done to increase secur ity at the airports, so the TSA was created. ââ¬Å"TheRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War1737 Words à |à 7 Pages Cold War The Cold War, which is often dated from 1945 to 1989, was a constant state of political and military tension between powers in the West, dominated by the United States with NATO among its allies, and powers in the East, dominated by the Soviet Union along with the Warsaw Pact. The development of Nuclear Weapons and long range shooting missiles by the United States gave a lot of fear and caused mass destruction. The Cold War came about after World War II when America used their atomic bombsRead MoreCompare and Contrast Plessy V. Ferguson and Brown V. Board of Education1897 Words à |à 8 Pagesprogress of American civilization. However, there are different points between Plessy and Brown. Brown v. Board of Education was educational case of black race, but Plessy v. Ferguson is not it; the result of Plessy is isolation but equal, the Brown show us that isolation and unequal. In 1892, Plessy, Louisiana citizen sat in the white man compartment, head of train crew requirements him to the black compartment according to State Of Louisianas rules, Plessy refused. Head of train crew is called policeRead MoreThe Issue Of The Second Amendment1704 Words à |à 7 PagesAmendment that is quoted by both sides is always ââ¬Å"A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringedâ⬠. Did you know that there are actually two versions used by the federal and state government? The only difference is the punctuation. Congress passed, ââ¬Å"A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free Sate, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringedâ⬠. The States Davis Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17962946375282893016noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-336373014934623662.post-33011930077258704212019-12-09T02:35:00.001-08:002019-12-09T02:35:05.910-08:00Accounting and Financial Management Questions: Consider shares in two companies, JAY and KAY, as follows: Expected Return E(R) Standard Deviation s Correlation Coefficient r Share JAY 12% 18% 0.3 Share KAY 24% 32% a) Calculate the covariance between Share JAY and KAY returns. b) What is the expected return and standard deviation of returns on a portfolio comprising 35% in Share JAY and 65% in Share KAY? c) If you wanted to create a portfolio consisting only of these two shares, how much would you need to invest (weights) in each share so that your portfolio return would be equal to 15.6%? Note: do not round. d) Using the weights calculated in part c), calculate the variance and standard deviation of your portfolio. Answers: a). Covariance = 2/3 ( Return abc Average abc ) * ( Return abc Average abc ) (Sample Size) - 1 = 2/3 x [(18-12) x (35-15)] (2)-1 = 2/3 x [(6)] x [(20)] (2) 1 = 2/3 x 240 5 = covariance is 48 b). Expected return and standard deviation = E(RA) = 2/3 0.12 + 1/3 0.18 = 0.5933 (5.93%) = E(RB) = 2/3 0.35 + 1/3 0.34 = 0.34 (3.4%) The expected rate of return for jay is 5.93% The expected rate of return for Kay is 3.4% Calculation of standard deviation SD(RA) = [2/3 (0.12-0.5933)2 + 1/3 (0.12-0.5933)2]0.5= 2.2535 (22.532%) SD(RB) = [2/3 (0.35-0.34)2 + 1/3 (0.35-0.34)2]0.5 = 0.335 (33.5%) c). In order to create a portfolio based on the above two shares a total 70 weights is required to be invested to arrive at 15.60% which will result in variance being 0.01789 and standard deviation will be 13.35% d). Jay Kay Expected return 12 24 Standard Return 18 32 Correlation coefficient -0.3 Weight 1 Expected Return variance Standard Deviation 100 12% 0.0324 18% 90 13.20% 0.02416 15.54% 80 14.40% 0.0193 13.89% 70 15.60% 0.01783 13.35% 60 16.80% 0.01975 14.05% 50 18% 0.02506 15.83% 40 19.20% 0.03375 18.37% 30 20.40% 0.04583 21.41% 20 21.60% 0.0613 24.76% 10 22.80% 0.08016 28.31% 0 24.00% 0.1024 32% Conclusion The preparations of this report require certain formula and it has adhered in terms of prescribed calculations as listed in the study. The reporting period of the report is in accordance with the financial statement, which will be prepared for a minimum period of at least one financial year. The report is consists of presentations and classification of items in the financial instruments which defines that any materiality changes in the above stated calculations. Recommendations This report illustrates the information, which approves for negotiation of convertible bonds for long term basis carrying the interest rate of 10% along with deterring the market price of each of the bonds issued. The current information about the basis of issue of financial instruments is prepared in accordance with the policies and procedures. Bibliography Parrino, R, Kidwell, D, Au Yong, H, Morkel-Kingsbury, N, Dempsey, M Murray, J 2011, Fundamentals of corporate finance, 1st edn, Wiley, Sydney. Parvi, R., 2014, September. Share price of companies listed on WIG20 and their fair value. InEDIS-Publishing Institution of the University of Zilina EIIC3 rd Electronic International Interdisciplinary Conference(pp. 169-177). Davis Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17962946375282893016noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-336373014934623662.post-69632635498525932132019-12-01T14:17:00.001-08:002019-12-01T14:17:04.209-08:00Research Methods in Sociology and Cultural Anthropology Essay ExampleResearch Methods in Sociology and Cultural Anthropology Paper Anthropology vs Sociology Research Methods These studies that span over a period of years to decades, have the capability to allow collection of a large amount of data over time. Having this additional data can help prove or disprove hypothesis related to changes in the data over time. In Cross Sectional Studies, scientists study a group of individuals with similar traits or characteristics In one observation, at a single time. This method provides Immediate data to analyze. The downside of a Cross Sectional Study Is that there is not much data collected that can show cause and effect. Longitudinal Studies are a form of observational study, where no manipulation of the study or subjects takes place. There are both positives and negatives to the Longitudinal Study. One of the positives, as mentioned earlier, is the study ability to collect large amounts of data. This data can be used to prove or disprove a hypothesis related to change over time. For example, the longest running longitudinal study Is Tartanââ¬â¢s little geniuses, this study has spanned well over 75 years. IN 1921, Dry. Lewis M. Termed, a Stanford university psychologist and a pioneer of the I. Q. Test, scoured Californians schools to identify 1,521 children who scored 135 or over on his new intelligence test, the Stanford-Bines. Additional interviews were conducted every 5 to 10 years on each of the study participants. Over the years more than 100 scientific articles and almost a dozen books have been based on the Termed data. (Coleman) It was not the Initial purpose of the study to produce so much research for review, but due to the length of time allowed for data collection, researchers were able to deduce the information. Cultural Anthropology is another form of Social Science that looks at he cultural influences in a population. P until the 20th century the studies were largely focused on primitive cultures in non-westernizes civilizations. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Methods in Sociology and Cultural Anthropology specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Methods in Sociology and Cultural Anthropology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Methods in Sociology and Cultural Anthropology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Focusing on human natures more primal instincts and how they ultimately effect the groups, or community culture. Two research methods utilized in Cultural Anthropology are Participant Observation and Interviews or Questionnaires. Unlike other forms of research, in participant observation, the researcher can interact with the participants. They may choose immerse themselves into the culture in addition to only observing, in order to gain report and provide a better understanding. When administering interviews or questionnaires, an informal interview approach is preferred. Oftentimes allowing an open dialogue where conversation can continue Deck Ana Torn, wall prove more International tan ten Dalai Ana went answers AT a questionnaire. When performing interviews or providing a questionnaire to subjects, information can oftentimes be one-sided. This methodology has limited data collection ability, in that answers are typically in response to close ended questions and do not allow the participant to elaborate. The data collected by interviews can be more informative by allowing the interviewers to ask open ended questions and ask the subject to elaborate on specific answers. Each of these methods has their strengths. In Cultural Anthropology, the focus is to understand the subjects completely; to determine what drives the culture of the group. When researchers are allowed to immerse themselves in the culture of that group, they gain additional understanding and insight. By following the steps of participant observation the researcher can establish a rapport with the population ND gain additional information through trust. Additionally, the researcher will experience the groupsââ¬â¢ way of life which will also add to further understanding. There are several steps to participant observation after you have established rapport within the group, second you ââ¬Å"do as they doâ⬠. Simply put, you try to live as the group you are observing is living; learn customs, rituals and routines. During this process continue to make observations and record them. The observations you record are then analyzed at the end of the study. One important step for the researcher is to determine the level of immersion. If the researcher immerses themselves too deeply objectivity could be lost and the study results could be biased or skewed. Participant Observation is the primary mode of study in Cultural Anthropology due to its ability to provide a large amount of data, show cause and effect and generally be unbiased. Longitudinal Studies in Sociology and Participant Observation in Cultural Anthropology have their similarities. Both studies are a form of qualitative research. Qualitative research involves the researcher designing the study, then collecting and analyzing the data. Continuity in the researcher is important to the study as there is a relationship established between them and the study participants. In Tartanââ¬â¢s Study, three generations of researchers have managed the study participants in 75 years. Each director has established themselves with the participants and continued the focus of the research. In observational studies, especially those in which the researcher practices immersion, continuity is crucial to the rapport established within the group. That researcher or group of researchers, are collecting data based on their experiences while living within the group. If a researcher only stayed a day or two before trading off with someone else, they would not have time to develop that relationship and could possibly miss collecting valuable data. Contrastingly, each of these methods of research are used differently. When used in Sociology the focus is that of social interactions between groups or within groups of people. How do people interact with each other, what causes them to act the way that they do? In Cultural Anthropology the culture itself is studied. The deep underlying motives for rituals, community hierarchies and beliefs. In a longitudinal study, the researchers follow the participants through their lifetimes, they do not integrate into their life, they do not try to immerse themselves. They simply observe, periodically checking in on the subject at intervals determined to produce an additional data set. For Sociology, perhaps Tanat Interval Is In canola, adolescence Ana can apneas AT adults Perhaps the observations being made are in relation to social development of a male child raised by a single mom? Does the boy have aggressive tendencies, seek male influence, and have difficulty with relationships? All of this information can be collected throughout the length of the study and deductions can be made from the data. The researcher does not insert themselves into the boys life. They merely make observations. They do not directly interfere with the boys development or environment. In an observational study, thatââ¬â¢s exactly what the researcher must do. They must essentially infiltrate the cultural group in which they choose to study. The researcher still must be mindful to not directly interfere, but allowing some immersion will aid in the researchers ability to understand and subsequently interpret the data collected. Each method works as it is intended; each method of observation are frequently used in all areas of research and can be applied in many different ways. As mentioned previously, one single study has managed to produce over 100 separate pieces of work. Many methods of data collection seemingly overlap and itââ¬â¢s up to the researchers in these studies to be aware of the parameters and stay within the boundaries of the study. Doing so will create more factual data to interpret and allow the observations to be recreated, tested and proven. Davis Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17962946375282893016noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-336373014934623662.post-44176480027391050142019-11-26T17:22:00.001-08:002019-11-26T17:22:02.542-08:00Technical Report WritingTechnical Report Writing Researchers spend much of their time investigating and determining why or how things happen. Once they do this, they need to compose their findings in such a manner that it can be presented clearly and precisely to others. This is called technical report writing. Itââ¬â¢s only by doing this that the researcher can convey his findings to others. Technical report writing is an incredibly important ability for anyone in the research or technical field. Using a technical report to explain your findings and how you arrived at that conclusion is vital to every researcher. Technical reports communicate to readers in such a way that everyone can learn from your research. It makes your hard work more accessible. Coming up with a thesis is important in technical report writing. By doing so one can maintain a tightly controlled report that addresses the main components. In technical report writing make sure that these following items are clearly stated. The report should be dated with your name and affiliation. This is so everyone will have no question about who performed the research and findings. Good technical report writing will contain a short paragraph that summarizes what your paper is about. A reader should be able to scan this paragraph in technical report writing and get a very good idea of what the whole paper is about. Choose appropriate keywords such as to assist others in locating your paper for their own research purposes. Write clearly and concisely so that others may read and understand what you are trying to explain. Technical report writing will often include graphs and diagrams to illustrate the data from the research. Keep your focus on the content of your paper, include the details of your work, the problems encountered, questions that arose and the consequences or your actions towards the research. Make sure that the beginning and last sentence of every paragraph clearly states the body of the paragraph and summarizes appropriately. Technical report writing involves precision in writing. Always explain the points clearly for the readers, even when it might be overkill. Since research often includes more than one individualââ¬â¢s participation, always give credit to them by acknowledging them in your technical report writing. When writing your report, cite references used in the research so that the reader can identify other related works. Always explain how those references affected your research. Technical report writing should be neat and organized. Donââ¬â¢t skip around all over the paper with any one specific action in regards to the research. For example, if you were to explain your methods in conducting the research, explain the methods completely in one section of your technical report writing. Donââ¬â¢t explain parts of the method in several different paragraphs scattered throughout the report. Decide before you do your technical report writing how you want to organize and in what order. Then write according to the organization that youââ¬â¢ve established. In technical report writing itââ¬â¢s important to make references back to the methods if necessary throughout the report but your main explanation of the methods should be contained within that one section. Simply reporting data and findings is not what technical report writing is about. The writer needs to spend time analyzing the data and show what your interpretation of the information is. Thoroughly discuss all the different aspects that have arisen due to your research, whether itââ¬â¢s negative or on the positive side. Technical report writing is expanding on facts with good writing that hooks the readerââ¬â¢s attention. Davis Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17962946375282893016noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-336373014934623662.post-87095582864425621262019-11-23T00:56:00.001-08:002019-11-23T00:56:03.686-08:00Get the PowerPoint - EmphasisGet the PowerPoint Get the PowerPoint PowerPoint has revolutionised presentations. But too many people now use it as a substitute for thinking. They launch the application before theyve even considered what they want to say or what information will help the audience take in what theyre saying. Too often, the result is as exciting as a presentation on watching a plank warp. The key is to let this tool support your talk, not to let it take over. So heres a two-minute guide on how to write PowerPoint presentations: Intro slide With the first slide, introduce yourself. (Obvious we know, but its surprising how many people miss this one.) This frame can be up as your audience comes in if yours is the first or only talk in the session. It should feature: the title of your talk your name your position. Bullet points To use bullets effectively: stick to five bullets maximum keep each point to ten words maximum write statements, not descriptions cut all non-essential words double-check grammar, spelling and punctuation avoid flashy animations theyre just distracting. Graphics Graphics can add variety. Just make sure they are: relevant not too detailed making a clear point properly labelled. Sometimes a graphic on its own (ie with no text or other information) can work well to hold attention and liven up your talk. Sites like Flickr or CDs of copyright-free images can be useful here if youre on a tight budget. Although 30 spent on a decent image from a photo library can make your presentation far more professional. Holding frames Include holding frames when you want more attention on you. Avoid blank screens, it will look like something has gone wrong. Use your holding frame if you have no suitable illustration too. The holding frame should contain as little information as possible, eg just your organisations logo and web address. Avoid putting too much on your screen PowerPoint is there to support your talk. But filling the screen wont help your cause at all. Its easy to overestimate how much people can read on a slide. So dont stuff it full of statistics and excess verbiage. Whats more, if you put something on screen, remember that people will read it rather than listen to you, so you just end up wasting your breath. Less is more, therefore. (See the point about using images in isolation, above.) And finally Always think about your audience: keep things moving: aim for about one frame a minute vary the pace slightly plan your talk separately You can learn more about writing presentations and speeches on one of our courses. Davis Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17962946375282893016noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-336373014934623662.post-41626089304302411412019-11-21T03:50:00.001-08:002019-11-21T03:50:09.916-08:00International Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 2International Human Resource Management - Essay Example According to Greg J Bamber, R. D (2004) he provides that this knowledge facilitates the functioning of key major organizational learning tools (Bamber 2004). Therefore, from this it can be argued that firms that successfully make use of tacit skills and knowledge can develop organizational learning strategy that ensures that knowledge and skills among the employees is spread through the organization. This improves the overall performance needed for firmââ¬â¢s improvement because more experienced workers can share their knowledge and skills with new employees. Therefore Multinational companies incorporate in their workplace systems, structures and processes. This is aimed for the achievement of multinational flexibility, global efficiency and worldwide learning (Bamber 2004). Japanese firms in the recent years have become of the most performing firms in the world enabling the Japanese economy become third largest economy and second largest developed in the world respectively. It is notable that these firms have realized these achievements attributed to their unique model of organizational learning that is largely adopted in Japan. According to Benson, J. and Debroux, P, (2004) the concept of organizational learning is one of the key major focuses in the Japanese organizational model (Debroux 2004). This focus and emphasis has enabled these firms to effectively make use of the tacit skills and knowledge of employees for their organizational learning purposes compared to other firms in other economies. Tacit knowledge is basically the gained knowledge by employees in organizations through the relevant experience and education that they explicitly not aware of. Tacit knowledge plays a significant role in the overall performance of the firm enhanced by an ap propriate organizational learning model. Japanese firms through its organizational models majorly in the human resource have Davis Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17962946375282893016noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-336373014934623662.post-64350337327520893812019-11-19T15:11:00.001-08:002019-11-19T15:11:04.657-08:00Juvenile Drug Abuse Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsJuvenile Drug Abuse - Research Paper Example However, the various researches reveal that teenagers have access and abuse different studies from as early s middle school. The habit is notably higher in high school. Different factors contribute to the increasing rates of the habit. According to a fact sheet from the United States Department of Health and Human Services that analyzed facts surrounding Boys and Substance abuse, young boys are prone to developing the habit of drug abuse more than girls develop. The fact sheet indicates that adolescents venture into substance abuse in middle school. Drinking alcohol starts bat this age, but increases greatly in high school. In addition, in 2006, boys reportedly took more alcohol than girls did. In specific statistics, 16% of eight grade boys took alcohol. 47% of boys from twelfth grade and about 34% of tenth grade boys also took alcohol. In 2005, another research showed that three out of five boys used tobacco while two out of five tries out inhalants. In 2006, 22% of boys in grade twelve grade, 13% of tenth graders and 8% of those in eighth grade reportedly smoked at least a cigarette in a month. However, comparison with other years indicates that the rates of tobacco and inhalant use have been falling (United St ates Department of Health and Human Services, 2008). Concerning the use of marijuana the fact sheet indicates that more boys used marijuana in all grades than girls did. In addition, 38% eighth graders, 29% tenth graders and 15% eighth graders who were boys had used marijuana in a yearââ¬â¢s time. However, research proved that girls used prescription drugs more than boys did. The fact sheet suggested that the trends in substance use were generally falling on comparison wit previous years. The sheet also made highlights on the factors affecting substance abuse. Teenagers turn to substance abuse to show rebellion, to evade the reality of poor performance in school and Davis Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17962946375282893016noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-336373014934623662.post-75523903301062436122019-11-17T03:43:00.001-08:002019-11-17T03:43:06.548-08:00Legal philosophy Essay Example for Free Legal philosophy Essay The crucial element lies in bringing the guilty to justice; but for that to happen, it has to be determined first who is guilty and who is not, not just in terms of who committed the crime, but whether a certain action and the consequences of it fall under the category of crime at all, and under what criteria. There is a great scope of ambiguity and fuzziness here. The battle between good and evil seems to have been going on for all the time, and yet good and evil are highly relative terms. There exist no clear-cut distinctions, no separate black and white segments. In many ways, good and evil constitute a messy flux, and criminal justice system is needed to sort these things out on a continual basis. Law, with the moral and legal philosophy underlying it, directs the criminal justice system in this complex task of determining good from evil, the right from the wrong, as well as the right from the good. These laws are not static and fixed entities, they can and do change with time; legal philosophy is constantly evolving. Our perceptions and interpretations of the good and the right need to be reconsidered from time to time. The ongoing struggle is to evolve a society that is more firmly based on justice and freedom. Justice requires that each citizen have an equal and fair starting position in respect of the physical necessities, educational opportunities, and employment opportunities. And the principle of freedom requires that the government not force a single conception of the good upon individuals, but simply guarantee that individuals are free to pursue their various goods as they perceive them (Garner 2005). The choices freely made reflect a variety of views of what is good. Human beings are uniquely individual personalities, endowed with immense potentiality for mental and spiritual growth. The role of society lies in being caring and tolerant about the individual and the differences in the unique individualities of people, and displaying a commitment to respect all its members who are in the process of cultivating their freedom and realizing their potentiality. It is not the governments business or right to determine what is good, but only to guarantee justice and freedom of choice to individuals. The guarantee of justice and freedom of choice will protect individualsââ¬â¢ pursuits of their various private conceptions of the good. In this way, the government ensures ââ¬Å"The greatest good for the greatest number,â⬠the principle on which utilitarianism is founded (Penslar 1995). Each individual is free to pursue his or her own conception of the good life, as long as it does not bring harm to others. The government should be neutral as to the conceptions of the good life, in order to respect persons as free and independent agents of action, capable of choosing their own ends. For example, the good lies in the fact of each individual being free to follow a religion or belief system of his own choice, or not to follow any should he choose to. Unfortunately, this condition is very likely to be violated in modern world where fundamentalism is gaining ground everyday. If we take the United States, for example, three things are happening 1) Evangelical Christianity is spreading like wild fire: ââ¬Å"The Evangelical Christian movement is the fastest growing segment of American religion with 42% of all Christians in America identifying themselves as Evangelicalsâ⬠(Cobia 2007) 2) as is common knowledge, the government is growing more powerful and centralized, and 3) a very high percentage of people in the government, including the president himself, are fundamentalist evangelical Christians (McMahon 2006). In such a scenario, it is very likely that, in the near future, basic individual freedom to choose his or her own would be breached and fundamentalism be imposed as a state-sponsored religion. When that happens, the theory of evolution will be removed from textbooks and Biblical doctrine of creationism taught in its place. Science would stagnate, progress would stop, and humanity may slip back to dark ages. Upon considering such a possibility, we can see how ensuring individual freedom to determine oneââ¬â¢s own good is conducive to the good of the society as a whole, promotes progress and enlightens humanity. When individual freedom is lost, be it in religion or any other sphere of life, the spirit of humanity starts dying. Davis Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17962946375282893016noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-336373014934623662.post-63486011415127455072019-11-14T16:15:00.001-08:002019-11-14T16:15:04.770-08:00The Genome Project and the Disruption of Evolution :: Genetics Darwin Science EssaysThe Genome Project and the Disruption of Evolution The genome project was successfully completed in June 2001. As a result, many controversies have arisen regarding the ethics of altering a person's genetic makeup. These arguments will most certainly continue for generations to come. However, the real problem will involve how evolution itself will be dramatically altered if genetic manipulation is allowed. If every human being alters his genes to make offspring free of diseases and variations, then eventually the human population will be void of variation. Variation has always been the key to life. With even a slight modification in environment, the whole human population, if permitted to change nature's plan, could die out. Altering the genetic makeup of a human offspring is evolutionarily wrong. Admittedly, a perfect race seems like an ideal lifestyle. Since the beginning of time, humans have strived to have perfect bodies, clear complexions, and high IQs. Now with the completion of the genome project, they may have the opportunity to erase all defects and diseases. Although this sounds like the ideal situation for mankind, it is far from ideal. If every human altered the genetic makeup of his offspring, eventually the human population would have no allowances for variation and no way to combat sudden environmental challenges. Charles Darwin first proposed that variation was the key to life. Without it, natural selection could not occur. Because natural selection is the driving force of evolution, evolution is ultimately disrupted. Darwin stated in his Origin of Species, "The preservation of favorable variations, I call Natural Selection." (Raven and Johnson, 13) If the entire human population were altered so that each human were perfect in every way, then, as each reproduced, there would be no variation in one's offspring. (Gendron) The differences between individuals develop through minor mutations. Those harmful to an individual usually decrease the chance of survival. However, there are some that enhance the survival of that individual. These mutations spread throughout the population. Over time, this leads to the creation of new, "more fit" species. (Rine) Unfortunately, manipulation of the new offspring's genes would quickly prevent the normal genetic mutations from occu rring. Davis Goodwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17962946375282893016noreply@blogger.com0